Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Collection
2.1. Anthropogenic Factors
2.2. Microplastics
2.3. Geogenic Factors
2.4. Pharmaceuticals
2.5. Heavy Metals
3. Remedies and Mitigations
- Natural Bioremediation: A passive or inherent type of remediation that uses natural processes to remove contaminants from groundwater. Additionally, this mechanism changes the pollutant. The pollutant is changed through advection, disintegration, co-metabolism, adsorption, diffusion, and dispersion [58]. Natural in situ biological remediation has the advantage of using native microorganisms. It is, therefore, less expensive than developed bioremediation since there is no need for modification, and the microorganisms modify to their natural surroundings until oxygen and levels of nutrients reach their limiting levels [59].
- Engineered bioremediation: Utilizes constructed systems that deliver nutrients, attract electrons, and/or other proliferation-stimulating elements. It is a method of remediation that boosts the development and degradative activity of microorganisms. Biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biological permeable reactive barrier (PRB), and phytoremediation are some of the procedures used in this method.
- (a)
- Bioaugmentation: A technique that uses immobilized, genetically stable, or free microorganisms to function as a culture, destroying pollutants and forcing them to endure unfavorable conditions. To increase their functional capability, these specialized bacteria may move. The result of this process is heavily reliant on how local microorganism groups respond to the presence of these genetically modified microorganisms (GMM) or nonindigenous species since they are encapsulated in the groundwater plume that must be repaired. This is because the nutrients they contain are crucial to this process [60];
- (b)
- Biosimulation: A technique for accelerating the rate of bioremediation. By changing the groundwater’s chemical and physical characteristics, bioremediation is sped up in this procedure. To boost the biological absorption of electron donors, several nutrient sources are added to the polluted groundwater, including biogas, dung, slurry, and other organic material. When it comes to eliminating hydrocarbon petroleum, comparative research found that biostimulation performs better than bioaugmentation, but when they are combined, they produce the best results in the quickest length of time;
- (c)
- Bioventing: The process involves oxidative-biological remediation and soil venting to remove light and moderate distillate hydrocarbons from the groundwater’s vadose zone [61];
- (d)
- Bioslurping: The adaption and use of vacuum-enhanced dewatering methods to rehabilitate hydrocarbon-contaminated locations. To address two different pollutant media, it makes use of components of both biological ventilation and free product recovery;
- (e)
- Permeable reactive barrier (PRB): A zone of in situ treatment that passively traps a plume of pollutants, removes or degrades the contaminants, and releases uncontaminated water. Swelling and precipitation, chemical reactions, and biological mechanism-based reactions are the three main techniques for elimination;
- (f)
- Phytoremediation: A technique that uses interactions between plants and pollutants to lessen the hazardous effects of toxins in polluted groundwater. Numerous processes, including filtering, accumulation, decomposition, volatilization, and stabilization, are involved in this process [62].
- To increase the amount and quality of groundwater in the study region, the best rainfall recharge solutions for an urban context must be put into practice;
- To stop future contamination, regulate wastewater outflow, and improve mining waste management;
- To lessen groundwater contamination, septic tanks and sewage systems must undergo routine maintenance;
- Reusing residential wastewater will benefit from the building of biological treatment facilities;
- To prevent the production of leachate, reusable solid wastes ought to be treated separately, and municipal solid waste disposal yards should be constructed with suitable lining,
- Rigid management of environmental effect regulations and improvised government regulations.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S No. | Author | Formula | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | [24] | GARMI = (ANMP) × (AMIMP) | GARMI—the global average rate of microplastics ingested AMIMP—average mass of an individual microplastic particle ANMP—the average number of microplastic particles |
2 | [25] |
| H—polymer risk index caused by MP Pn—percent of MP polymer types Sn—score for the polymer compound CFi—MP concentration factors Ci—MP concentration at each station Coi—minimal MP concentration PLI—pollution Load Index |
S No. | Author | Formula | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | [39] |
| PNEC—predicted no effects concentrations (ng/L) ADI—acceptable daily intake (μg/kg/day) BW—child or adult body weight (kg/person) AT—averaging time (days) Ing Rdw—child or adult drinking water ingestion rate (L/person/day) Ing Rf—child- or adult-fish consumption rate (kg/person/day) BCF—bioconcentration factor for fish (L/kg) EF—exposure frequency (days/year) ED—exposure duration (years) |
2 | [41] |
| ADI—acceptable daily intake (μg/kg/day) POD—point of departure in (mg/kg/day) UF—unitless uncertainty or modifying factors |
3 | [42] |
| RQ—risk quotients CS—concentration of the pharmaceutical compound DWEL—drinking water equivalent level ADI—acceptable daily intake (μg/kg/day) BW—child or adult body weight (kg/person) HQ—Hazard Quotient DWI—drinking water intake (L/day) AB—gastrointestinal absorption rate FOE—frequency of exposure |
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Babuji, P.; Thirumalaisamy, S.; Duraisamy, K.; Periyasamy, G. Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review. Water 2023, 15, 2532. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142532
Babuji P, Thirumalaisamy S, Duraisamy K, Periyasamy G. Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review. Water. 2023; 15(14):2532. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142532
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabuji, Preethi, Subramani Thirumalaisamy, Karunanidhi Duraisamy, and Gopinathan Periyasamy. 2023. "Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review" Water 15, no. 14: 2532. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142532
APA StyleBabuji, P., Thirumalaisamy, S., Duraisamy, K., & Periyasamy, G. (2023). Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review. Water, 15(14), 2532. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142532