Nitrate in Groundwater Resources of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran: Concentration Estimation, Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We set up a grid of nitrate measurements in groundwater of the Hormozgan region, establishing its spatial distribution and occurrence. Following this, we queried the non-carcinogenic threats by assessing the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotients (HQ) for nitrate consumption in four age groups, including infants, children, teenagers, and adults.
- We used the Monte Carlo simulation method to account for the intrinsic uncertainty.
- Sensitivity analysis indicated the relationship between nitrate consumption and toxicity and the main alleviation factors.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Exposure Assessment and Risk Estimation
2.4. Data Probability Distribution and Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Nitrate
3.3. Exposure Assessment and Risk Estimation Results
3.4. Results of the Probabilistic Approach
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BW | Body Weight |
EDI | Estimated Daily Intake |
GIS | Geographic Information System |
HCA | Hierarchical Cluster Analysis |
HQ | Hazard Quotient |
IDW | Inverse Distance Weighting |
LOD | limit of Detection |
LOQ | limit of Quantification |
US EPA | United States Environmental Protection Agency |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Parameters | Unit | Probability Distribution | Infants (<2 Year) | Children (2–10 Year) | Teenagers (10–18 Year) | Adults (>18 Year) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cf | mg/L | Log-normal | - | - | - | - | Current study |
Cd | L/day | Log-normal | 0.61 ± 0.27 | 1.25 ± 0.57 | 1.58 ± 0.69 | 1.95 ± 0.64 | Adapted from [36] |
BW | kg | Log-normal | 7.98 ± 1.02 | 16.41 ± 3.78 | 39.83 ± 10.16 | 77.45 ± 13.6 | Adapted from [37] |
RfD | mg/BW kg/day | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | Adapted from [38] |
NO. | Counties | Site | Nitrate Concentration (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jask | Negar-e Bala | 3.6 |
2 | Jask | Saran-e Barshaku | 2.2 |
3 | Jask | Kiai | 1 |
4 | Jask | Shahrak-e Gabrik | 3.8 |
5 | Jask | Gazdan | 2.5 |
6 | Jask | Hangestan | 1 |
7 | Bashagard | Ahun | 4.3 |
8 | Bashagard | Behtish | 9.9 |
9 | Bashagard | Khomeyni Shahr | 1 |
10 | Bashagard | Darreh-ye Murt | 7.7 |
11 | Bashagard | Zehbodi | 2.5 |
12 | Bashagard | konarejadid | 3.8 |
13 | Bashagard | Grough | 7.4 |
14 | Minab | Beneh Kan | 1.8 |
15 | Minab | Mojtame-ye Emam | 10.6 |
16 | Minab | Zartuji | 13.2 |
17 | Minab | Sarmazegh | 7.6 |
18 | Minab | Jafarabad | 7.4 |
19 | Minab | Shivehi | 5.2 |
20 | Minab | konarejadid(well6) | 3.4 |
21 | Minab | konarejadid(well5) | 3.5 |
22 | Minab | Kahurtak | 6.6 |
23 | Minab | Gavajag | 4.5 |
24 | Minab | Owdui | 7.5 |
25 | Minab | Bondar | 9.3 |
26 | Minab | Posht Kalat | 16.3 |
27 | Minab | tom parian | 7 |
28 | Sirik | Ravang(well1) | 5.5 |
29 | Sirik | Ravang(well2) | 8.2 |
30 | Sirik | Ravang(well3) | 6.8 |
31 | Rudan | Bajani | 13.8 |
32 | Rudan | Bagh Narges | 2.2 |
33 | Rudan | poshtebanan | 18.3 |
34 | Rudan | Palur | 6.8 |
35 | Rudan | Chiromabad | 0.3 |
36 | Bandar Abbas | Bohregh | 17.7 |
37 | Bandar Abbas | Takht | 12 |
38 | Bandar Abbas | Hasan Langi-ye Bala | 5.1 |
39 | Bandar Abbas | Gishan | 7.5 |
40 | Bandar Abbas | Moqsam | 8.5 |
41 | Hajjiabad | Dar Agah | 7.7 |
42 | Hajjiabad | Sar-e Gaz-e Ahmadi | 16.4 |
43 | Hajjiabad | Siruiyeh | 6.7 |
44 | Hajjiabad | Baynuj | 13.8 |
45 | Hajjiabad | Chaleh Murt | 11.4 |
46 | Khamir | Bastu(well2) | 1.6 |
47 | Khamir | Bastu(mineral spring) | 3.3 |
48 | Khamir | Berkeh-ye Soltan | 15.5 |
49 | Bastak | Harang | 8 |
50 | Bastak | Gowd Kaz | 4.2 |
51 | Parsian | Parsian | 4.5 |
52 | Parsian | Yord-e Qasemali | 30 |
53 | Bandar Lengeh | Bostaneh | 7.2 |
54 | Bandar Lengeh | Dezhgan | 0.5 |
Province | Number of Samples | NO3 Concentration (mg/L) | HQ | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kurdistan | 60 | 36.06 ± 14.32 | Infants = 0.90 | Adapted from [48] |
Children = 1.17 | ||||
Teenagers = 0.90 | ||||
Adults = 0.70 | ||||
Hamadan | 26 | 24.02 ± 12.11 | Children = 0.854 | Adapted from [49] |
Adults = 0.529 | ||||
Razavi Khorasan | 30 | 5.7–25.4 (mean = 12.58) | Infants = 1.79 | Adapted from [50] |
Children = 1.68 | ||||
Adults = 0.64 | ||||
Golestan | 58 | Wells = 1–36 (mean = 16.8) | Infants = 0.94 | Adapted from [43] |
Springs = 5–51 (mean = 22.7) | Children = 0.88 | |||
Adults = 0.33 | ||||
Kurdistan | 45 | 22.42 ± 11.44 | Infants = 0.56 | Adapted from [51] |
Children = 0.72 | ||||
Teenagers = 0.56 | ||||
Adults = 0.43 | ||||
Fars | 70 | Cold season = 26.95 ± 17.03 | Children = 0.75 | Adapted from [10] |
Teenagers = 0.61 | ||||
Adults = 0.66 | ||||
Warm season = 24.88 ± 15.88 | Children = 0.57 | |||
Teenagers = 0.47 | ||||
Adults = 0.5 | ||||
Sistan, and Baluchistan | 66 | 6.15 ± 6.15 | Infants = 0.33 | Adapted from [52] |
Children = 0.31 | ||||
Teenagers = 0.31 | ||||
Adults = 0.30 | ||||
Hormozgan | 54 | 7.37 ± 5.61 | Infants = 0.35 | This study |
Children = 0.35 | ||||
Teenagers = 0.18 | ||||
Adults = 0.12 |
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Mohammadpour, A.; Gharehchahi, E.; Badeenezhad, A.; Parseh, I.; Khaksefidi, R.; Golaki, M.; Dehbandi, R.; Azhdarpoor, A.; Derakhshan, Z.; Rodriguez-Chueca, J.; et al. Nitrate in Groundwater Resources of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran: Concentration Estimation, Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Water 2022, 14, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040564
Mohammadpour A, Gharehchahi E, Badeenezhad A, Parseh I, Khaksefidi R, Golaki M, Dehbandi R, Azhdarpoor A, Derakhshan Z, Rodriguez-Chueca J, et al. Nitrate in Groundwater Resources of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran: Concentration Estimation, Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Water. 2022; 14(4):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040564
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammadpour, Amin, Ehsan Gharehchahi, Ahmad Badeenezhad, Iman Parseh, Razieh Khaksefidi, Mohammad Golaki, Reza Dehbandi, Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor, Zahra Derakhshan, Jorge Rodriguez-Chueca, and et al. 2022. "Nitrate in Groundwater Resources of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran: Concentration Estimation, Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation" Water 14, no. 4: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040564