Numerical Simulation of Boulder Fluid–Solid Coupling in Debris Flow: A Case Study in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Numerical Model of the Zhouqu Debris Flow
4. Results of the Simulation
4.1. Movement Process of the Boulders
4.2. Velocity Variation Characteristics of Boulders
4.2.1. Influence of Density
4.2.2. Influence of Shape
4.3. Angular Velocity Variation Characteristics of Boulders
4.3.1. Influence of Density
4.3.2. Influence of Shape
4.4. Kinetic Energy Variation Characteristics of Boulders
4.4.1. Influence of Density
4.4.2. Influence of Shape
5. Discussion
5.1. Boulder Movement Range
5.2. Boulder Movement Distance
5.2.1. Influence of Density
5.2.2. Influence of Shape
5.3. Dynamic Impact Force of the Boulders
5.4. Limitation of the Study
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The motion characteristics of boulders in the 8.7 Zhouqu debris flow were simulated using FLOW-3D software with the GMO and RNG coupled models. The simulation results can be used to obtain various motion parameters of the boulders that interact with the debris flow slurry, such as the centroid velocity, angular velocity, kinetic energy, and motion trajectory. This method has a certain reference for studying the movement mechanism of debris flow.
- (2)
- The simulation results show that the movement velocity of boulders is affected by many factors such as terrain conditions, debris flow densities, and shapes of the boulders. When the terrain slope is relatively large, the boulders have greater potential energy, and the influence of terrain on the movement velocity of boulders is greater than that of debris flow density and boulder shape. When the slope is less, the appearance of boulders has a great influence on its movement. The velocity of a spherical boulder increases with debris flow density. However, the movement of cuboid, rhombohedron, and cube boulders presents a complex motion state, and it is difficult to predict the change law of their velocity.
- (3)
- The simulation results show that the angular velocity of the spherical boulder fluctuates slightly with time during the whole movement progress, whereas the angular velocity of the cuboid, rhombohedron, and cube boulders fluctuates continuously during the movement, presenting a peak form of “increasing-decreasing.” In addition, in most cases, the angular velocity of the spherical and cube boulders is larger than that of the cuboid and rhombohedron boulders. This indicates that the angular velocity variation law of boulder motion is related to whether the shape of the boulder is spherically symmetric, as well as the smoothness of the surface.
- (4)
- The simulation results show that motion distance is greatly influenced by the terrain slope and shape of the boulders. When the topographic slope is relatively large, the debris flow density and appearance characteristics of boulders have little influence. As the slope decreases, the boulders will gradually stop owing to insufficient dynamics. Moreover, the movement distance of the spherical and the approximately spherically symmetric cube boulders are greater than those of the cuboid and rhombohedron boulders. The accumulation characteristics of boulders in the simulation are generally consistent with the field investigation results.
- (5)
- Although the results of this study have simulated the coupled motion of debris flow and boulders under the influence of multiple factors, there are still some deficiencies in this study, such as the inaccuracy of the topographic map, limited computational resources, and boulder modeling. Further improvements can be made in subsequent studies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Condition | Debris Flow Density (kg/m3) | Yield Stress η (Pa) | Viscosity Coefficient (Pa·s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1200 | 4.706 | 0.023 |
2 | 1500 | 18.900 | 0.091 |
3 | 1800 | 75.900 | 0.364 |
4 | 2100 | 304.770 | 1.463 |
Debris Flow Inlet | Extent of the Rectangular Inlet (m) | Inlet Width (m) | Depth of Debris Flow (m) | Debris Flow Velocity (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | x direction: 2062–2200 z direction: 1724–1732 | 138 | 8.0 | 7.10 |
B | X direction: 2734–2832 z direction: 1730–1736 | 98 | 6.0 | 5.80 |
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Wang, F.; Wang, J.; Chen, X.; Zhang, S.; Qiu, H.; Lou, C. Numerical Simulation of Boulder Fluid–Solid Coupling in Debris Flow: A Case Study in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China. Water 2022, 14, 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233884
Wang F, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang S, Qiu H, Lou C. Numerical Simulation of Boulder Fluid–Solid Coupling in Debris Flow: A Case Study in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China. Water. 2022; 14(23):3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233884
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fei, Jiading Wang, Xiaoqing Chen, Shaoxiong Zhang, Haijun Qiu, and Canyun Lou. 2022. "Numerical Simulation of Boulder Fluid–Solid Coupling in Debris Flow: A Case Study in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China" Water 14, no. 23: 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233884
APA StyleWang, F., Wang, J., Chen, X., Zhang, S., Qiu, H., & Lou, C. (2022). Numerical Simulation of Boulder Fluid–Solid Coupling in Debris Flow: A Case Study in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China. Water, 14(23), 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233884