The Key Parameters Involved in a Rainfall-Triggered Landslide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Numerical Model
3. Results
3.1. Parametric Analysis
3.1.1. Slope Geometry
3.1.2. Initial Pore Water Pressure Distribution
3.1.3. Saturated Volumetric Water Content
3.1.4. Hydraulic Fitting Fredlund and Xing Parameters
3.1.5. Saturated Permeability Coefficient
3.1.6. Cohesion
3.1.7. Friction Angle
3.1.8. Specific Weight
3.2. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Reference Value | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Slope declivity (degrees) | 40 | [30,47] | |
Maximum suction on unsaturated zone—ZAM a (kPa) | 40 | [52,54] | |
θsat (porosity) | 0.36 | [53] b | |
Fredlund and Xing fitting parameters | af (kPa) | 20 | [53] b |
nf | 0.4 | [53] b | |
mf | 1.5 | [53] b | |
hr (kPa) | 10,000 | [53] b | |
ksat (m/s) | 1.71 × 10−7 | [39] | |
c′ (kPa) | 2 | [39] | |
ϕ′ (degrees) | 34 | [39] | |
ϕb (ϕ′/2) | 17 | [51] | |
γ natural wet specific weight (kN/m3) | 16.20 | [39] |
Test | Declivity (o) | Maximum Suction Allowed (kPa) | SWCC (Fredlund and Xing Fitting Parameters) | ksat (m/s) | c′ (kPa) | ϕ′ (o) | ϕb (o) | γ (kN/m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
θsat | af | nf | mf | hr (kPa) | |||||||||
Basic Run | 40 | ZAM * | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_01 | 30 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_02 | 50 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_03 | 40 | ZAM | 30 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_04 | 40 | ZAM | 50 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_05 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.25 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_06 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.45 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_07 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 100 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_08 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 1000 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_09 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.20 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_10 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 4.00 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_11 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 0.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_12 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 4.0 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_13 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_14 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 1 × 106 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_15 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−6 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_16 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−8 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_17 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 1 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_18 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 10 | 34 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_19 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 30 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_20 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 36 | 17 | 16.2 |
S_21 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 0 | 16.2 |
S_22 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 18 | 16.2 |
S_23 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 15 |
S_24 | 40 | ZAM | 40 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 1.71 × 10−7 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 24 |
af | nf | mf | hr | AEV | ϕ′b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 10,000 | 0.25 | 0 |
20 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.47 | 0 |
20 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1,000,000 | 0.84 | 0 |
20 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 0.86 | 0 |
1000 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 3.55 | 0 |
20 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 13.06 | 15 |
20 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 27.58 | 15 |
100 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 10,000 | 76.28 | 15 |
20 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 10,000 | 237.19 | ϕ′ |
Parameter | ΔF.S./Δparameter (%) a |
---|---|
Slope inclination | 146 |
Initial suction condition | 38 |
θsat | 7 |
af | 0.2 |
nf | 2 |
mf | 8 |
hr | 0.7 |
ksat | 0.9 |
Cohesion | 13 |
Friction angle | 93 |
Unsaturated friction angle | 7 |
Specific weight | 22 |
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Oliveira, E.d.P.; Acevedo, A.M.G.; Moreira, V.S.; Faro, V.P.; Kormann, A.C.M. The Key Parameters Involved in a Rainfall-Triggered Landslide. Water 2022, 14, 3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213561
Oliveira EdP, Acevedo AMG, Moreira VS, Faro VP, Kormann ACM. The Key Parameters Involved in a Rainfall-Triggered Landslide. Water. 2022; 14(21):3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213561
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Elisangela do Prado, Andrés Miguel González Acevedo, Virnei Silva Moreira, Vitor Pereira Faro, and Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann. 2022. "The Key Parameters Involved in a Rainfall-Triggered Landslide" Water 14, no. 21: 3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213561