Poyang Lake Wetland Classification Using Time-Series ENVISAT ASAR Data and Beijing-1 Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Image Data and Preprocessing
2.3. Hydrological Data Collection and Analysis
3. Methods
3.1. Classification System and the Field Sampling
3.2. Time-Series Data Analysis
3.3. Rule-Based and Decision Tree Approach to Time-Series Optical and Radar Data
3.3.1. DEM Data
3.3.2. Submersion Time Estimation Index Calculation using Time-Series Images
3.3.3. Supervised Classification of Beijing-1 and Time-Series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TSNDVI) Images
3.3.4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Temporal Ratio of ASAR WSM Time-Series Images
3.3.5. Decision Rules for Final Classification
3.4. Decision Tree Method with Time-Series Optical, Time-Series Radar, and DEM Data
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Time-Series Data Analysis
4.2. Rule-Based and Decision Tree Approach to Time-Series Optical and Radar Data
- If a pixel belongs to TSNDVI class emergent or giant C4 grasses or C3 (sedges and forbs), and summer SAR PCA1 is high and STEI is very short, and slope <2°, then the pixel is classified as emergent.
- If a pixel belongs to TSNDVI class emergent or giant C4 grasses or C3 (sedges and forbs), and summer SAR PCA1 is medium and STEI is short, and slope <2°, then the pixel is classified as giant C4 grasses.
- If a pixel belongs to TSNDVI class emergent or giant C4 grasses or C3 (sedges and forbs) or floating, the ratio of ASAR 10 June and 29 June is lowest and STEI is medium, and slope <2°, then the pixel is classified as C3 (sedges and forbs).
- If a pixel belongs to BJ070419 class floating aquatic or farmland, and summer SAR PCA1 is low and STEI is long, and slope <2°, then the pixel is classified as floating aquatic macrophytes.
- If a pixel belongs to BJ071017 class submerged or BJ070419 class submerged, and summer SAR PCA1 is low and STEI is long/very long, and slope <2°, then the pixel is labeled as submerged aquatic macrophytes.
- Slope <2°, ratio of ASAR 10 June and 29 June ≦ 0.85, NDVI1130 ≧ 0.2 for C3 (sedges and forbs)
- Slope <2°, PC1 of ASAR 29 June and 31 July and 04 Sep is from −12 to 3 for giant C4 and 3 to 30 for emergent
- Slope <2°, NDVI 19 April ≧ 0.08 and NDVI 19 April ≦ 0.41, C4 emergent decision result = 0, NDVI 30Nov ≦ 0.3 for float
- Slope <2°, NDVI 17 October ≧ −0.07, PC1 of ASAR 28 Oct, 18 December, 3 January, 7 February, 1 April, and 20 April ≦ −25 discriminate aquatic bed and bottom from non-persistent emergent wetland and upland, PC2 of NDVI 19 April, 17 October, 30 November, and 01 January ≧ −0.1, C4 emergent decision result = 0 for submerged
4.3. Benefits of Remote Sensing Analysis of Large Wetland Ecosystem with Strong Water Level Fluctuations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Satellite | Year | Dates | Water Level (m) a | GCPs b | Clouds Over Lake | RMSEs c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing-1 | 2007 | 19 Apr, 6 May, 26 July, 16 Aug, 17 Oct, 30 Nov | 10.78, 13.04, 17.02, 17.53, 11.94, 8.71 | 21, 315, 28, 26, 25, 24 | 0, <2%/NO, 0, <2%/NO, <2%/YES, 0 | 0.48, 0.93, 0.43, 0.49, 0.50, 0.41 |
2008 | 1 Jan, 16 Feb, 2 Mar, 12 May (10 scenes) | 8.59, 9.61, 8.89, 12.75 | 28, 28, 25, 32 | 0, 0, 0, <2%/YES | 0.89, 0.45, 0.34, 0.45 | |
ASAR WSM | 2007 | 25 May, 10 Jun, 29 Jun, 31 July (VV), 4 Sep, 28 Oct (VV), 18 Dec | 10.22, 12.84, 15.98, 17.57, 16.16, 9.95, 8.20 | 23, 22, 19, 20, 18, 30, 27 | Free of clouds | 0.36, 0.32, 0.33, 0.31, 0.43, 0.45, 0.49 |
2008 | 3 Jan, 7 Feb, 1 Apr, 20 Apr (11 scenes) | 8.51, 10.73, 11.62, 13.55 | 46, 30, 33, 25 | 0.43, 0.38, 0.49, 0.36 |
PFT Subclass | Dominant Species (>70–100%) | Relationship to Water Table Height | Mean Submersion Time/Months | Growing Season | Canopy Height above Soil (m) | Elevation of Distribution (Meters above Sea level) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emergent aquatic macrophytes | Phragmites communis, Zizania caduciflora, Phalaris arundinacea | Water table from 0.5 m below soil surface to 1–2 m above soil | 1–2 months /July–August | April–October | 0.8–5 | 17.7–20 |
Giant C4 grasses | Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Arundinella hirta | Upland dry, water table not greater than 1.7 m below soil surface to 1–2 m above soil | 2–3 months /July–September | April–October | 1–3 | 16–17.7 |
C3 sedges and forbs | Carex cinerascens, C. unisexualis, sometimes mixed with Artemisia spp. | Water table from 0.5 m below soil surface to 1–3.5 m above soil | 3–5 months /May–October | April–May | 0.1–1.5 | 14.2–16 |
Floating aquatic macrophytes | Nymphoides peltata, Trapa bispinosa, Potamogeton malaianus | Mud-forming floating on water surface at water height above soil surface at water depth 0.3–2 m | 5–7 months /April–November | September | 0.5–2 | 13.8–14.2 |
Submerged aquatic macrophytes | Potamogeton franchetii, Vallisneria spiralis L., Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum | Underwater | 7–12 months /January–December | December | 0.5–2.5 | <13.8 |
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Ding, F.; Wang, L.; Dronova, I.; Cao, K. Poyang Lake Wetland Classification Using Time-Series ENVISAT ASAR Data and Beijing-1 Imagery. Water 2022, 14, 3344. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203344
Ding F, Wang L, Dronova I, Cao K. Poyang Lake Wetland Classification Using Time-Series ENVISAT ASAR Data and Beijing-1 Imagery. Water. 2022; 14(20):3344. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203344
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Fang, Lin Wang, Iryna Dronova, and Kun Cao. 2022. "Poyang Lake Wetland Classification Using Time-Series ENVISAT ASAR Data and Beijing-1 Imagery" Water 14, no. 20: 3344. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203344