Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Force Analysis of NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Processing
2.2.1. NDVI Data
2.2.2. Climate Data and Nighttime Light Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Theil–Sen Slope Test and Mann–Kendall Significance Test
2.3.2. Hurst Index
2.3.3. Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Variation of Vegetation
3.2. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation Evolution
3.3. Sustainability Analysis of Vegetation Evolution
3.4. NDVI Driving Force Analysis
3.4.1. Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Climate and Human Activities
3.4.2. Correlation Analysis between NDVI and Topographic Factors
3.4.3. Partial Correlation Analysis of NDVI with Climate and Human Activities
3.4.4. NDVI Response to Different Driving Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Vegetation
4.2. Effects of Different Driving Factors on Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Vegetation
4.3. Research Methods of Driving Factors of NDVI
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Vegetation growth in the Minjiang River Basin during the growing season was good, with an average NDVI of 0.60 and a growth rate of 0.002/a.
- (2)
- The changing trend of the NDVI in the growing season in the Minjiang River Basin was relatively obvious. The area accounted for 71.11%, according to the MK test, which was dominated by a noticeable improvement, accounting for 66.02% of the basin area. The Hurst index shows that the future trend of the NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin is mainly anti-sustained, with 63.22% of the area expected to change from improvement to degradation, and 15.79% of the area continuing to improve.
- (3)
- The average temperature in the growing season in the Minjiang River Basin increased at a rate of 0.016 °C/a from 2001 to 2020. Moreover, the cumulative precipitation increased significantly at a rate of 6.764 mm/a, and there was apparent spatial differentiation. Furthermore, average nighttime light increased at a rate of 0.051/a.
- (4)
- The spatial differentiation of the NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin during the growing season was mainly affected by topography and climate, followed by human activities. The NDVI initially showed an increasing trend and then decreased with an increasing altitude and slope, with obvious periodic changes. The average partial correlation coefficients of the NDVI with temperature, precipitation, and nighttime light index were 0.46, 0.31, and 0.27, respectively. Climate change and human activities played a major role in promoting vegetation growth in the basin.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NDVIi | NDVI value in year i |
NDVIm | NDVI value of time series NDVI(i) |
SlopeNDVI | Slope of NDVI change |
Z | The test statistics of the Z test |
H | Hurst index |
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NDVI | 2001 | 2020 | 2001–2020 Area Change/km2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area/km2 | Percentage/% | Area/km2 | Percentage/% | ||
0–0.2 | 3458.47 | 2.56 | 2407.00 | 1.78 | −1051.47 |
0.2–0.4 | 11,839.29 | 8.75 | 9812.49 | 7.25 | −2026.80 |
0.4–0.6 | 59,120.57 | 43.69 | 36,318.21 | 16.84 | −22,802.36 |
0.6–0.8 | 58,951.07 | 43.56 | 80,855.48 | 59.75 | 21,904.41 |
0.8–1 | 1957.65 | 1.45 | 5933.88 | 4.38 | 3976.22 |
Slope NDVI | Z | NDVI Change Trend | Area/km² | Area Percentage/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
≥0.0005 | > 1.96 | Significant improvement | 89,340.90 | 66.02 |
≥0.0005 | −1.96 ≤ Z ≤ 1.96 | Slight improvement | 17,576.95 | 12.99 |
0.0005~0.0005 | - | Stable and unchanging | 14,354.64 | 10.61 |
≤−0.0005 | −1.96 ≤ Z ≤ 1.96 | Slight degradation | 7335.84 | 5.42 |
≤−0.0005 | > 1.96 | Significant degradation | 6718.73 | 4.96 |
Slope NDVI | Hurst Index | Persistence of Changes in NDVI | Area/km² | Area Ratio/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
≤−0.0005 | 0~0.5 | From degradation to improvement | 10,883.25 | 8.04 |
≥0.0005 | 0.5~1 | Continuous improvement | 21,361.58 | 15.79 |
−0.0005~0.0005 | 0.5~1 | Persistent | 2424.55 | 1.79 |
≥0.0005 | 0~0.5 | From improvement to degradation | 85,556.67 | 63.22 |
≤−0.0005 | 0.5~1 | Continuous degradation | 3170.74 | 2.34 |
−0.0005~0.0005 | 0~0.5 | Random variation | 11,930.26 | 8.82 |
Aspect | Plane | North | Northeast | East | Southeast | South | Southwest | West | Northwest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slope × 100 | 1.89 | 1.69 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 1.36 | 2.83 | 3.33 | 2.97 |
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Wang, J.; Fan, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.; Wei, Y. Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Force Analysis of NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2020. Water 2022, 14, 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182923
Wang J, Fan Y, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li S, Wei Y. Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Force Analysis of NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2020. Water. 2022; 14(18):2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182923
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Junyi, Yifei Fan, Yu Yang, Luoqi Zhang, Yan Zhang, Shixiang Li, and Yali Wei. 2022. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Force Analysis of NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2020" Water 14, no. 18: 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182923
APA StyleWang, J., Fan, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Li, S., & Wei, Y. (2022). Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Force Analysis of NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2020. Water, 14(18), 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182923