Ecological–Economic Assessment and Managerial Significance of Water Conservation in the Headwaters of the Yellow River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source and Preprocessing
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Spatial and Temporal Pattern and Trend Analysis of Water Yield
Water Yield Calculation
Water Retention Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Trend Analysis
2.3.2. Ecological Value Evaluation of Regional Water Yield
2.3.3. Division of Ecological Priority Protection Areas
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Water Yield
3.1.1. Spatio-Temporal Variation Characteristics
3.1.2. Trend Change Characteristics of Water Yield
3.2. Ecological Service Value of Water Conservation in Grassland Ecosystem
3.3. Spatial Division of Water Conservation Capacity and Its Importance
4. Discussion
4.1. Regionalization of Model Parameters
Regionalization of Z-Value Parameters in the Model
4.2. Improvement Measures of Water Conservation Function
4.3. Ecological Priority and Regional Management
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Abbreviation | Variable Interpretation | Resolution/Unit | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
S | CLAY 1 | Clay content (0–30 cm) | 250 m | HWSD (https://www.fao.org/soils-portal) The accessed date: 11 March 2021 |
CLAY 2 | Clay content (30–100 cm) | 250 m | HWSD (https://www.fao.org/soils-portal) The accessed date: 11 March 2021 | |
SAND 1 | Sand content (0–30 cm) | 250 m | HWSD (https://www.fao.org/soils-portal) The accessed date: 11 March 2021 | |
SAND 2 | Sand content (30–100 cm) | 250 m | HWSD (https://www.fao.org/soils-portal) The accessed date: 11 March 2021 | |
SILT | Silt content (0–30 cm) | 250 m | HWSD (https://www.fao.org/soils-portal) The accessed date: 11 March 2021 | |
SOC | Soil organic carbon (0–30 cm) | 250 m | HWSD (https://www.fao.org/soils-portal) The accessed date: 11 March 2021 | |
LUCC | Land use/land cover change | 30 m | 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020 four years’ data of Soil Science Database in China (http://sdb.casnw.net/portal/) The accessed date: 20 March 2021 | |
IGBP | Land use classification data | 250 m | MCD12Q1.V006(https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/ceres-igbp-land-classification) The accessed date: 30 June 2020 | |
SD | Soil depth | 1000 m | Soil Science Database in China (http://sdb.casnw.net/portal/) The accessed date: 2 April 2021 | |
Velocity | Velocity coefficient | -- | USDA-NRCS The accessed date: 5 April 2021 | |
A | PRE | Annual precipitation | 1000 m | Meteorological Station The accessed date: 30 June 2020 |
TEM | Annual temperature | 1000 m | Meteorological Station The accessed date: 30 June 2020 | |
V | Evapotranspiration | 1000 m | Meteorological Station The accessed date: 30 June 2020 | |
RA | Radiation from the top of solar atmosphere | 1000 m | China Meteorological Data Service Centre (http://data.cma.cn/) The accessed date: 30 June 2020 | |
T | LON | Longitude | 30 m | ArcGis Calculated |
LAT | Latitude | 30 m | ArcGis Calculated | |
DEM | Elevation | 30 m | Geospatial Data Cloud(http://www.gscloud.cn/) The accessed date: 30 June 2020 | |
SLP | Slope | 30 m | ArcGis Calculated | |
TI | Topographic index | 30 m | ArcGis Calculated | |
B | PAWC | Plant available water content | 30 m | ArcGis Calculated |
Ksat | Vegetation evapotranspiration coefficient | -- | FAO56 | |
NPP | Net Primary Productivity | 1000 m | MOD16A3 | |
E | Crop | Wheat growing areas; the per unit yield; unit-price | hm2; kg/hm2; USD/kg | China Statistical Yearbook 2002–2021, China Grain and Material Reserve Yearbook 2002–2021 The accessed date: 16 February 2022 |
GDP | County GDP | USD | Qinghai Statistical Yearbook 2021; Gansu Statistical Yearbook 2021; Aba Prefecture Statistical Yearbook 2021 The accessed date: 17 February 2022 |
SENslope | Z | Trend |
---|---|---|
>0.001 | >1.96 | Significantly increasing |
>0.001 | −1.96–1.96 | Increasing |
−0.001–0.001 | −1.96–1.96 | Stable |
<0.001 | −1.96–1.96 | Decreasing |
<0.001 | <−1.96 | Significantly decreasing |
Country | 2001–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2011–2015 | 2016–2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | |
Xinghai | 290.24 | 339.6 | 299.4 | 424.32 |
Qumalai | 195.27 | 240.17 | 220.2 | 263.12 |
Maduo | 262.43 | 303.63 | 303 | 365.73 |
Tongde | 300.93 | 349.41 | 315.91 | 447.75 |
Zeku | 362.96 | 414.2 | 381.63 | 509.36 |
Maqin | 395.5 | 432.09 | 419.02 | 516.88 |
Chengduo | 277.36 | 327.05 | 331.08 | 356.71 |
Henan | 412.14 | 446.51 | 422.37 | 540.13 |
Gande | 458.34 | 483.5 | 490.15 | 569.31 |
Maqu | 505.19 | 496.08 | 529.65 | 632.68 |
Dari | 451.44 | 473.6 | 509.8 | 558.69 |
Ruoergai | 565.87 | 530.2 | 607.6 | 710.77 |
Jiuzhi | 545.21 | 548.92 | 593.75 | 663.29 |
Aba | 554.83 | 538.09 | 623.99 | 710 |
Hongyuan | 603.22 | 587.23 | 686.87 | 785.74 |
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Wang, D.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, W.; Ma, K.; Hao, T.; Zhao, J.; Tang, R.; Pu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Mujtaba, K.G.; et al. Ecological–Economic Assessment and Managerial Significance of Water Conservation in the Headwaters of the Yellow River. Water 2022, 14, 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162553
Wang D, Zhao Y, Yang W, Ma K, Hao T, Zhao J, Tang R, Pu Y, Zhang X, Mujtaba KG, et al. Ecological–Economic Assessment and Managerial Significance of Water Conservation in the Headwaters of the Yellow River. Water. 2022; 14(16):2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162553
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Danni, Yuting Zhao, Wenxue Yang, Kexin Ma, Tianxing Hao, Jingwei Zhao, Rong Tang, Yanfei Pu, Xiujuan Zhang, Kalhoro Ghulam Mujtaba, and et al. 2022. "Ecological–Economic Assessment and Managerial Significance of Water Conservation in the Headwaters of the Yellow River" Water 14, no. 16: 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162553