Identification of Suitable Locations in a Small Water Supply Network for the Placement of Water Quality Sensors Based on Different Criteria under Demand-Driven Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Case Study
3.1. Description of the Case Study
3.2. The Methodology Applied—Assumptions
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Contaminant Injected at Time t = 0
4.2. Contaminant Injected at Every One Hour for 24 h
4.3. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contamination Scenarios | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | |
Nodes | J-1 | J-2 | J-3 | J-4 | J-5 | J-6 | J-7 | J-8 | J-9 | J-10 | J-11 | J-12 | J-13 | J-14 | J-15 | J-16 | J-17 | J-18 | J-19 | J-20 | J-21 | J-22 | J-23 | J-24 | J-25 | J-26 | J-27 | J-28 | J-29 | J-30 | J-31 | J-32 | R-1 | R-3 |
J-1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-2 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 0 | 0 |
J-3 | 2.4 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
J-6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
J-7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-8 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-9 | 4.9 | 0 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-10 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.2 | 7.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.2 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-12 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-13 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.4 | 0 | 4.4 | 0 | 0 |
J-14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-15 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 6 | 8.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-20 | 0 | 0 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-21 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-23 | 0 | 0 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-24 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-25 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-26 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-27 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.4 | 0 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-28 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 6.7 | 2.1 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
J-29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 7.8 | 10 | 5.2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J-30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
J-31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
J-32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
R-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
R-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
T-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Objective | Node ID | Value | Node ID | Value | Node ID | Value | Node ID | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O1 (people) | J-32 | 17 | J-22 | 20 | J-23 | 22 | J-16 | 29 |
O2 (m3) | J-32 | 3.3 | J-22 | 3.9 | J-23 | 4.4 | J-16 | 5.7 |
O3 (%) | J-11 | 23.53 | J-29 | 20.59 | J-2 | 17.65 | J-28 | 17.65 |
O4 (g) | J-22 | 22.2 | J-32 | 28.6 | J-23 | 31.1 | J-25 | 46.3 |
O | J-32 | 0.014 | J-22 | 0.016 | J-23 | 0.017 | J-16 | 0.023 |
Criterion | Injection Time (Hours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | |
O1 | J-32 | J-32 | R-3 | J-32 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-1 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | R-3 | J-32 | J-32 |
J-22 | J-30 | J-32 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-16 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-30 | J-22 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-30 | J-32 | R3 | J-30 | |
J-23 | J-31 | J-31 | J-1 | J-17 | J-17 | J-17 | J-23 | J-30 | J-30 | J-30 | J-30 | J-31 | J-23 | J-23 | J-17 | J-32 | J-32 | J-17 | J-17 | J-31 | J-30 | J-30 | J-31 | |
J-16 | R-3 | J-1 | J-23 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-17 | J-31 | J-23 | J-31 | J-23 | J-22 | J-1 | J-9 | J-1 | J-17 | J-30 | J-29 | J-29 | J-1 | J-31 | J-31 | R-3 | |
O2 | J-32 | J-32 | R-3 | J-32 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-1 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | R-3 | J-32 | J-32 |
J-22 | J-30 | J-32 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-16 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-30 | J-22 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-30 | J-32 | R3 | J-30 | |
J-23 | J-31 | J-31 | J-1 | J-17 | J-17 | J-17 | J-23 | J-30 | J-30 | J-30 | J-30 | J-31 | J-23 | J-23 | J-17 | J-32 | J-32 | J-17 | J-17 | J-31 | J-30 | J-30 | J-31 | |
J-16 | R-3 | J-1 | J-23 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-17 | J-31 | J-23 | J-31 | J-23 | J-22 | J-1 | J-9 | J-1 | J-17 | J-30 | J-29 | J-29 | J-1 | J-31 | J-31 | R-3 | |
O4 | J-22 | J-32 | J-32 | J-23 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | J-32 | J-23 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 |
J-32 | J-30 | R-3 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-30 | J-23 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | R-3 | J-23 | J-22 | |
J-23 | J-31 | J-23 | J-32 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-23 | J-31 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-31 | J-22 | J-9 | J-25 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-22 | R-3 | J-30 | |
J-25 | J-23 | J-31 | J-9 | J-25 | J-25 | J-25 | J-30 | J-30 | J-31 | J-30 | J-30 | J-29 | J-31 | J-32 | J-29 | J-25 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-23 | J-30 | J-31 | |
O3 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-10 | J-10 | J-10 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-10 | J-10 | J-10 | J-10 | J-10 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 |
J-29 | J-4 | J-10 | J-10 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-13 | J-4 | J-10 | J-10 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-11 | J-10 | J-4 | J-4 | J-29 | |
J-2 | J-2 | J-4 | J-4 | J-2 | J-2 | J-2 | J-28 | J-2 | J-2 | J-2 | J-12 | J-27 | J-4 | J-4 | J-20 | J-2 | J-2 | J-2 | J-2 | J-2 | J-2 | J-10 | J-4 | |
J-28 | J-23 | J-28 | J-2 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-23 | J-28 | J-20 | J-12 | J-2 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-3 | J-23 | J-2 | J-2 | |
O | J-32 | J-32 | R-3 | J-32 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-32 | J-23 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-32 | R-3 | J-32 | J-32 |
J-22 | J-30 | J-32 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-16 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-22 | J-30 | J-23 | J-22 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-23 | J-30 | J-32 | R-3 | J-30 | |
J-23 | J-31 | J-31 | J-22 | J-17 | J-17 | J-17 | J-23 | J-30 | J-23 | J-30 | J-23 | J-31 | J-22 | J-1 | J-17 | J-32 | J-32 | J-17 | J-17 | J-31 | J-31 | J-30 | J-31 | |
J-16 | J-23 | J-23 | J-1 | J-29 | J-29 | J-29 | J-17 | J-31 | J-30 | J-23 | J-30 | J-22 | J-4 | J-9 | J-1 | J-17 | J-30 | J-29 | J-29 | J-1 | J-30 | J-31 | R-3 |
Monitoring Network (MN) | Selected Nodes for Sensor Placement | ||
---|---|---|---|
Analysis Based on O2 | Analysis Based on O4 | Analysis Based on O | |
MN1 | J-22 | J-23 | J-22 |
MN2 | J-22, J-32 | J-23, J-22 | J-22, J-32 |
MN3 | J-22, J-32, J-23 | J-23, J-22, J-32 | J-22, J-32, J-23 |
MN4 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30 | J-23, J-22, J-32, J-29 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30 |
MN5 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31 | J-23, J-22, J-32, J-29, J-30 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31 |
MN6 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17 | J-23, J-22, J-32, J-29, J-30, J-31 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17 |
MN7 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-1 | J-23, J-22, J-32, J-29, J-30, J-31, J-25 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-29 |
MN8 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-1, R-3 | J-23, J-22, J-32, J-29, J-30, J-31, J-25, R-3 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-29, R-3 |
MN9 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-1, R-3, J-29 | J-23, J-22, J-32, J-29, J-30, J-31, J-25, R-3, J-9 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-29, R-3, J-1 |
MN10 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-1, R-3, J-29, J-16 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-29, R-3, J-1, J-16 | |
MN11 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-1, R-3, J-29, J-16, J-9 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-29, R-3, J-1, J-16, J-9 | |
MN12 | J-22, J-32, J-23, J-30, J-31, J-17, J-29, R-3, J-1, J-16, J-9, J-4 |
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Tsitsifli, S.; Kanakoudis, V. Identification of Suitable Locations in a Small Water Supply Network for the Placement of Water Quality Sensors Based on Different Criteria under Demand-Driven Conditions. Water 2022, 14, 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162504
Tsitsifli S, Kanakoudis V. Identification of Suitable Locations in a Small Water Supply Network for the Placement of Water Quality Sensors Based on Different Criteria under Demand-Driven Conditions. Water. 2022; 14(16):2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162504
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsitsifli, Stavroula, and Vasilis Kanakoudis. 2022. "Identification of Suitable Locations in a Small Water Supply Network for the Placement of Water Quality Sensors Based on Different Criteria under Demand-Driven Conditions" Water 14, no. 16: 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162504