A Systematic Review on the Existing Research, Practices, and Prospects Regarding Urban Green Infrastructure for Thermal Comfort in a High-Density Urban Context
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Role of Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI)
1.2. Research Objectives
- What are the main regions and geographical areas where the concept of UGI is more popular?
- What are the main study parameters being investigated through the research?
- What are the main approaches adopted for studying UGI around the world?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Types of UGI
2.2. Initial Screening of the Literature
2.3. Subsequent Screening of Filtered Literature
- The study UGI type must correspond to this research scope.
- A realistic study location can be identified.
- The methodology has been validated and used practically in the research.
- The study focuses on either thermal comfort or electricity energy consumption.
2.4. Establishment of a Bibliography Network Based on Keywords
3. Analysis and Discussions
3.1. Geographical Distribution of Study Sites
3.1.1. Regional Trends
3.1.2. Top-Performing Countries and Cities
- The overall number of publications, by country;
- The gross domestic product (GDP);
- Urban population;
- Urban land area;
- Primary energy consumption:
- Greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions [47].
3.2. Study Parameters
3.2.1. UGI Categories and Types
3.2.2. Scale and Height Parameters
3.2.3. Seasons of Study Focus
3.2.4. Plant Characteristics
3.3. Approaches
3.3.1. Data Collection Setup and Tools
3.3.2. Data Analysis Software and Models
4. Conclusions
5. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Keywords for UGI Terminology (Stage 1) | Keywords for Focus Aspects (Stage 2) |
Green roof category “green roofs” OR “green rooftops” OR “irrigated green roofs” OR “wetland roofs” OR “roof gardens” OR “rooftop gardens” Vertical greenery systems category “vertical greenery systems” OR “green walls” OR “living walls” OR “green façades” OR “vegetation screens” OR “green curtains” OR “vegetation curtains “ Urban agriculture category “urban gardens” OR “community gardens” OR “garden farms” OR “garden beds” OR “planter boxes” OR “urban farms” OR “urban farming” OR “urban agricultures” OR “hydroponics” OR “aquaponics” | Thermal comfort aspects “thermal comfort” OR “thermal stress” OR “thermal performance” OR “urban heat” OR “heat island” OR “cooling effect” OR “surface temperature” OR “air temperature” Electrical energy aspects “energy consumption” OR “energy saving” OR “energy demand” OR “energy balance” OR “energy efficiency” OR “energy usage” OR “electricity” OR “power” |
Codes used for the Web of Science search engine TS = (“green roof*” OR “green rooftop*” OR “wetland roof*” OR “roof garden*” OR “rooftop garden*” OR “vertical greenery systems” OR “green wall*” OR “living wall*” OR “green façade*” OR “vegetation screen*” OR “green curtain*” OR “vegetation curtain*” OR “urban garden*” OR “community garden*” OR “garden farm*” OR “garden bed*” OR “planter box*” OR “urban farm*” OR “urban farming” OR “urban agricultures” OR “hydroponics*” OR “aquaponics*”) AND TS = (“thermal comfort” OR “thermal stress” OR “thermal performance” OR “urban heat” OR “heat island” OR “cooling effect” OR “surface temperature” OR “air temperature”) AND TS = (“energy consumption” OR “energy saving” OR “energy demand” OR “energy balance” OR “energy efficiency” OR “energy usage” OR “electricity” OR “power”) |
Codes used for the SCOPUS search engine TITLE-ABS-KEY(“green roof*” OR “green rooftop*” OR “wetland roof*” OR “roof garden*” OR “rooftop garden*” OR “vertical greenery systems” OR “green wall*” OR “living wall*” OR “green façade*” OR “vegetation screen*” OR “green curtain*” OR “vegetation curtain*” OR “urban garden*” OR “community garden*” OR “garden farm*” OR “garden bed*” OR “planter box*” OR “urban farm*” OR “urban farming” OR “urban agricultures” OR “hydroponics*” OR “aquaponics*”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(“thermal comfort” OR “thermal stress” OR “thermal performance” OR “urban heat” OR “heat island” OR “cooling effect” OR “surface temperature” OR “air temperature”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“energy consumption” OR “energy saving” OR “energy demand” OR “energy balance” OR “energy efficiency” OR “energy usage” OR “electricity” OR “power”) |
Appendix B
Authors | Year | Title |
Abe et al. [76] | 2020 | Thermal mitigation of the indoor and outdoor climate by green curtains in Japanese condominiums |
Aboelata [48] | 2021 | Assessment of green roof benefits on buildings’ energy-saving by cooling outdoor spaces in different urban densities in arid cities |
Afshari [77] | 2017 | A new model of urban cooling demand and heat island—application to vertical greenery systems (VGS) |
Andric, Kamal and Al-Ghamdi [78] | 2020 | Efficiency of green roofs and green walls as climate change mitigation measures in extremely hot and dry climate: case study of Qatar |
Arghavani, Malakooti and Ali Akbari Bidokhti [68] | 2020 | Numerical assessment of the urban green space scenarios on urban heat island and thermal comfort level in Tehran metropolis |
Ariff, Ahmad and Hussin [79] | 2019 | The green envelope as an architectural strategy for an energy-efficient library |
Arkar, Domjan and Medved [80] | 2018 | Heat transfer in a lightweight extensive green roof under water-freezing conditions |
Ascione et al. [81] | 2013 | Green roofs in European climates: are they effective solutions for energy savings in air-conditioning? |
Assimakopoulos et al. [82] | 2020 | Green wall design approach toward energy performance and indoor comfort improvement: a case study in Athens |
Ávila-Hernández et al. [67] | 2020 | Test box experiment and simulations of a green-roof: thermal and energy performance of a residential building standard for Mexico |
Bano and Dervishi [83] | 2021 | The impact of vertical vegetation on thermal performance of high-rise office building facades in a Mediterranean climate |
Barozzi, Bellazzi and Pollastro [84] | 2016 | The energy impact in buildings of vegetative solutions for extensive green roofs in temperate climates |
Basher and Abdul Rahman [85] | 2017 | A simulation of a vertical greenery system in reducing energy cooling loads for high-rise residential buildings |
Basher et al. [86] | 2016 | The use of an edible vertical greenery system to improve thermal performance in a tropical climate |
Battista, Vollaro and Vollaro [52] | 2021 | How cool pavements and green roofs affect building energy performances |
Begum et al. [87] | 2021 | Environmental and social dynamics of urban rooftop agriculture (URTA) and their impacts on microclimate change |
Berardi [45] | 2016 | The outdoor microclimate benefits and energy saving resulting from green roofs retrofits |
Bevilacqua, Bruno and Arcuri [88] | 2020 | Green roofs in a Mediterranean climate: energy performances based on in situ experimental data |
Bevilacqua et al. [89] | 2016 | Experimental investigation of the thermal performances of an extensive green roof in the Mediterranean area |
Bianco et al. [90] | 2017 | Thermal behavior assessment of a novel vertical greenery module system: first results of a long-term monitoring campaign in an outdoor test cell |
Blanco et al. [91] | 2021 | Energy analysis of a green façade in summer: an experimental test in Mediterranean climate conditions |
Blanco et al. [92] | 2020 | Wintertime thermal performance of green façades in a Mediterranean climate |
Blanco et al. [61] | 2018 | Thermal behavior of green façades in summer |
Blanco, Schettini and Vox [93] | 2018 | Effects of vertical green technology on building surface temperature |
Cai et al. [94] | 2019 | The reduction in carbon dioxide emission and energy savings obtained by using a green roof |
Cameron, Taylor and Emmett [95] | 2015 | A Hedera green façade-energy performance and saving under different maritime-temperate, winter weather conditions |
Campos et al. [59] | 2020 | Energy and environmental comparison between a concrete wall with and without a living green wall: a case study in Mexicali, Mexico |
Carlos [96] | 2015 | Simulation assessment of living wall thermal performance in winter in the climate of Portugal |
Cascone et al. [54] | 2018 | A comprehensive study on green roof performance for retrofitting existing buildings |
Cascone et al. [97] | 2019 | Thermal performance assessment of extensive green roofs investigating realistic vegetation-substrate configurations |
Chagolla-Aranda et al. [98] | 2017 | The effect of irrigation on the experimental thermal performance of a green roof in a semi-warm climate in Mexico |
Chan and Chow [99] | 2013 | Energy and economic performance of green roof system under future climatic conditions in Hong Kong |
Charoenkit and Yiemwattana [100] | 2017 | The role of specific plant characteristics on thermal and carbon sequestration properties of living walls in a tropical climate |
Charoenkit, Yiemwattana and Rachapradit [101] | 2020 | Plant characteristics and the potential for living walls to reduce temperatures and sequester carbon |
Chun and Guldmann [65] | 2018 | Impact of greening on the urban heat island: seasonal variations and mitigation strategies |
Cirkel et al. [102] | 2018 | Evaporation from (blue-)green roofs: assessing the benefits of a storage and capillary irrigation system based on measurements and modeling |
Cirrincione et al. [103] | 2020 | Green roofs as effective tools for improving the indoor comfort levels of buildings-an application to a case study in Sicily |
Cirrincione, Marvuglia and Scaccianoce [74] | 2021 | Assessing the effectiveness of green roofs in enhancing the energy and indoor comfort resilience of urban buildings to climate change: methodology proposal and application |
Collins et al. [104] | 2017 | Thermal behavior of green roofs under Nordic winter conditions |
Coma et al. [105] | 2017 | Vertical greenery systems for energy savings in buildings: a comparative study between green walls and green façades |
Coma et al. [56] | 2020 | How internal heat loads of buildings affect the effectiveness of vertical greenery systems? an experimental study |
Convertino et al. [62] | 2020 | Energy behavior of the green layer in green façades |
Convertino, Vox and Schettini. [106] | 2021 | Evaluation of the cooling effect provided by a green façade as nature-based system for buildings |
Convertino, Vox and Schettini [63] | 2019 | Heat transfer mechanisms in vertical green systems and energy balance equations |
Peng et al. [107] | 2016 | Energy savings in buildings or UHI mitigation? comparison between green roofs and cool roofs |
Coutts et al. [108] | 2013 | Assessing practical measures to reduce urban heat: green and cool roofs |
Dabaieh and Serageldin [109] | 2020 | Earth air heat exchanger, Trombe wall and green wall for passive heating and cooling in premium passive refugee house in Sweden |
Dahanayake and Chow [110] | 2017 | Studying the potential of energy saving through vertical greenery systems: using EnergyPlus simulation program |
Dahanayake and Chow [51] | 2018 | Comparing the reduction of building cooling load through green roofs and green walls by EnergyPlus simulations |
Dandou et al. [111] | 2021 | On the cooling potential of urban heating mitigation technologies in a coastal temperate city |
De Masi et al. [112] | 2019 | Numerical optimization for the design of living walls in the Mediterranean climate |
de Munck et al. [113] | 2018 | Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumption for adapting Paris to climate change |
Dimitrijevic et al. [114] | 2016 | Green living roof implementation and influences of the soil layer on its properties |
Djedjig et al. [115] | 2017 | The thermal effects of an innovative green wall on building energy performance |
Djedjig et al. [116] | 2012 | Development and validation of a coupled heat and mass transfer model for green roofs |
D’Orazio, Di Perna and Di Giuseppe [117] | 2012 | Green roof yearly performance: a case study in a highly insulated building under temperate climate |
Eksi et al. [118] | 2017 | Effect of substrate depth, vegetation type, and season on green roof thermal properties |
Erdemir and Ayata [119] | 2017 | Prediction of temperature decreasing on a green roof by using an artificial neural network |
Espinosa-Fernández, Echarri-Iribarren and Sáez [120] | 2020 | Water-covered roof versus inverted flat roof on the Mediterranean coast: a comparative study of thermal and energy behavior |
Evangelisti et al. [121] | 2020 | On the energy performance of an innovative green roof in the Mediterranean climate |
Fahmy et al. [122] | 2017 | On the green adaptation of urban developments in Egypt; predicting community future energy efficiency using coupled outdoor-indoor simulations |
Fantozzi et al. [123] | 2021 | Do green roofs really provide significant energy saving in a Mediterranean climate? A critical evaluation based on different case studies |
Feng and Hewage [124] | 2014 | Energy saving performance of green vegetation on LEED-certified buildings |
Fitchett, Govender and Vallabh [125] | 2020 | An exploration of green roofs for indoor and exterior temperature regulation in the South African interior |
Foustalieraki et al. [126] | 2017 | Energy performance of a medium scale green roof system installed on a commercial building using numerical and experimental data recorded during the cold period of the year |
Gagliano et al. [127] | 2015 | A multi-criteria methodology for comparing the energy and environmental behavior of cool, green and traditional roofs |
Nocera [128] | 2016 | The thermal behavior of an extensive green roof: numerical simulations and experimental investigations |
Gallardo et al. [129] | 2021 | Evaluation of comfort and thermal efficiency in buildings with plant surroundings: an experimental study report (Avaliação de conforto e eficiência térmica em edifícios com ambientes de plantas: um relato de estudo experimental) |
Gao et al. [130] | 2017 | Thermal performance and energy savings of white and sedum-tray garden roof: a case study in a Chongqing office building |
Gholami et al. [40] | 2020 | A comparison of energy and thermal performance of rooftop greenhouses and green roofs in a Mediterranean climate: a hygrothermal assessment in WUFI |
Goussous, Siam and Alzoubi [131] | 2015 | Prospects of green roof technology for energy and thermal benefits in buildings: case of Jordan |
Guattari et al. [132] | 2020 | Experimental evaluation and numerical simulation of the thermal performance of a green roof |
Haggag, Hassan and Elmasry [133] A., Elmasry S. | 2014 | Experimental study on reduced heat gain through green façades in a high heat load climate |
Hao et al. [134] | 2020 | Influence of vertical greenery systems and green roofs on the indoor operative temperature of air-conditioned rooms |
He et al. [135] | 2021 | Quantitative evaluation of plant evapotranspiration effect for green roof in tropical area: a case study in Singapore |
He, Lin, Tan, Yu, et al. [136] | 2021 | Model development of roof thermal transfer value (RTTV) for a green roof in a tropical area: a case study in Singapore |
He et al. [137] | 2016 | Thermal and energy performance assessment of extensive green roof in summer: a case study of a lightweight building in Shanghai |
He et al. [138] | 2020 | Thermal and energy performance of green roof and cool roof: a comparison study in the Shanghai area |
He et al. [139] | 2017 | An investigation on the thermal and energy performance of a living wall system in the Shanghai area |
He et al. [140] | 2017 | Influence of plant and soil layer on energy balance and thermal performance of green roof system |
Heidarinejad and Esmaili [141] | 2015 | Numerical simulation of the dual effect of green roof thermal performance |
Heusinger and Weber [142] | 2017 | Surface energy balance of an extensive green roof as quantified by full year eddy-covariance measurements |
Heusinger, Sailor and Weber [143] | 2018 | Modeling the reduction of urban excess heat by green roofs with respect to different irrigation scenarios |
Hirano et al. [144] | 2019 | Simulation-based evaluation of the effect of green roofs in office building districts on mitigating the urban heat island effect and reducing CO2 emissions |
Hugo, du Plessis and Masenge [71] | 2021 | Retrofitting Southern African cities: a call for appropriate rooftop greenhouse designs as climate adaptation strategy |
Jadaa, Aburaed and Taleb [145] | 2019 | Assessing the thermal effectiveness of implementing green roofs in the urban neighborhood |
Jaffal, Ouldboukhitine and Belarbi [146] | 2012 | A comprehensive study of the impact of green roofs on building energy performance |
Jiang and Tang [147] | 2017 | Thermal analysis of extensive green roofs combined with night ventilation for space cooling |
Jim [148] | 2015 | Assessing the climate-adaptation effect of extensive tropical green roofs in cities |
Jim and Peng [149] | 2012 | Weather effect on thermal and energy performance of an extensive tropical green roof |
Jim [150] | 2014 | Passive warming of indoor space induced by a tropical green roof in winter |
Madi, Bozonnet and Patrick [151] | 2020 | Building and urban cooling performance indexes of wetted and green roofs—a case study under current and future climates |
Kadhim-Abid [152] | 2014 | Comfort management in changing climate conditions with the use of green roofs |
Karachaliou, Santamouris and Pangalou [153] | 2016 | Experimental and numerical analysis of the energy performance of a large-scale intensive green roof system installed on an office building in Athens |
Kenaï et al. [154] | 2018 | Impact of plant occultation on energy balance: experimental study |
Klein and Coffman [155] | 2015 | Establishment and performance of an experimental green roof under extreme climatic conditions |
Kolokotsa, Santamouris and Zerefos [156] | 2013 | Green and cool roofs’ urban heat island mitigation potential in European climates for office buildings under free floating conditions |
Kotsiris et al. [157] | 2012 | Dynamic u-value estimation and energy simulation for green roofs |
Koura et al. [158] | 2017 | Seasonal variability of temperature profiles of vegetative and traditional gravel-ballasted roofs: a case study for Lebanon |
Fachinello Krebs and Johansson, [159] | 2021 | Influence of microclimate on the effect of green roofs in southern Brazil—a study coupling outdoor and indoor thermal simulations |
Kumar, Deoliya and Chan [160] | 2015 | Evaluation of the thermal behavior of a green roof retrofit system installed on an experimental building in the composite climate of Roorkee, India |
La Roche and Berardi [161] | 2014 | Comfort and energy savings with active green roofs |
Frota de Albuquerque Landi, Fabiani and Pisello [162] | 2021 | Experimental winter monitoring of a light-weight green roof assembly for building retrofit |
Lassandro and Cosola [163] | 2018 | Climate change mitigation: resilience indicators for roof solutions |
Ledesma, Nikolic and Pons-Valladares [164] | 2022 | Co-simulation for thermodynamic coupling of crops in buildings. case study of free-running schools in Quito, Ecuador |
Lee and Jim [165] | 2019 | Energy benefits of green-wall shading based on novel-accurate apportionment of short-wave radiation components |
Lee and Jim [166] | 2020 | Thermal irradiance behaviors of a subtropical intensive green roof in winter and landscape-soil design implications |
Li et al. [167] | 2019 | Cooling and energy-saving performance of different green wall design: a simulation study of a block |
Z. Li et al. [168] | 2019 | The effectiveness of adding horizontal greening and vertical greening to courtyard areas of existing buildings in the hot summer cold winter region of China: a case study for Ningbo |
Liu et al. [169] | 2018 | Assessing summertime urban warming and the cooling efficacy of adaptation strategy in the Chengdu-Chongqing metropolitan region of China |
Lundholm, Weddle and MacIvor [170] | 2014 | Snow depth and vegetation type affect green roof thermal performance in winter |
Luo et al. [171] | 2015 | Study on the thermal effects and air quality improvement of green roof |
Lynn and Lynn [172] | 2020 | The impact of cool and green roofs on summertime temperatures in the cities of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv |
Mahmoodzadeh, Mukhopadhyaya and Valeo [173] | 2020 | Effects of extensive green roofs on the energy performance of school buildings in four North American climates |
Maiolo et al. [174] | 2020 | The role of the extensive green roofs on decreasing building energy consumption in the Mediterranean climate |
Malys, Musy and Inard [175] | 2016 | Direct and indirect impacts of vegetation on building comfort: a comparative study of lawns, green walls and green roofs |
Manso and Castro-Gomes [176] | 2016 | Thermal analysis of a new modular system for green walls |
Mazzali, Peron and Scarpa [177] | 2012 | Thermo-physical performances of living walls via field measurements and numerical analysis |
Bagheri Moghaddam et al. [64] | 2021 | Understanding the performance of vertical gardens by using building simulation and its influences on urban landscape |
Bagheri Moghaddam et al. [178] | 2020 | Building orientation in green façade performance and its positive effects on an urban landscape case study: an urban block in Barcelona |
Moghbel and Erfanian Salim [179] | 2017 | Environmental benefits of green roofs on the microclimate of Tehran with specific focus on air temperature, humidity and CO2 content |
Mohammad Shuhaimi et al. [180] | 2022 | The impact of vertical greenery system on building thermal performance in tropical climates |
Moody and Sailor [57] | 2013 | Development and application of a building energy performance metric for green roof systems |
Mutani and Todeschi [181] | 2021 | Roof-integrated green technologies, energy saving and outdoor thermal comfort: insights from a case study in urban environment |
Mutani and Todeschi [44] | 2020 | The effects of green roofs on outdoor thermal comfort, urban heat island mitigation and energy savings |
Nadal et al. [182] | 2017 | Building-integrated rooftop greenhouses: an energy and environmental assessment in the Mediterranean context |
Nan et al. [183] | 2020 | Assessing the thermal performance of living wall systems in wet and cold climates during the winter |
Netam, Sanyal and Bhowmic [184] | 2019 | Assessing the impact of passive cooling on thermal comfort in LIG house using CFD |
Nguyen, Bokel and van den Dobbelsteen [185] | 2019 | Effects of a vertical green façade on the thermal performance and cooling demand: a case study of a tube house in Vietnam |
Alonso et al. [186] | 2013 | Thermal and illuminance performance of a translucent green wall |
Olivieri, Olivieri and Neila [187] | 2014 | Experimental study of the thermal-energy performance of an insulated vegetal facade under summer conditions in a continental Mediterranean climate |
Olivieri et al. [188] | 2014 | Experimental characterization and implementation of an integrated autoregressive model to predict the thermal performance of vegetal facades |
Omar et al. [189] | 2018 | Green roof: simulation of energy balance components in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil |
Ottelé and Perini [190] | 2017 | Comparative experimental approach to investigate the thermal behavior of vertical greened facades of buildings |
Ouldboukhitine, Belarbi and Sailor [191] | 2014 | Experimental and numerical investigation of urban street canyons to evaluate the impact of green roof inside and outside buildings |
Pan and Chu [192] | 2016 | Energy saving potential and life cycle environmental impacts of a vertical greenery system in Hong Kong: a case study |
Pandey, Hindoliya and mod [193] | 2012 | Artificial neural network for predation of cooling load reduction using a green roof over a building in a sustainable city |
Pandey, Hindoliya and Mod [194] | 2013 | Experimental investigation on green roofs over buildings |
Parhizkar, Khoraskani and Tahbaz [195] | 2020 | Double skin façade with azolla; ventilation, indoor air quality and thermal performance assessment |
Park and Hawkin [196] | 2015 | An examination of the effect of building compactness and green roofs on indoor temperature through the use of physical models |
Peñalvo-López et al. [197] | 2020 | Study of the improvement on energy efficiency for a building in the Mediterranean area by the installation of a green roof system |
Peng et al. [107] | 2020 | Energy savings of block-scale facade greening for different urban forms |
Peng et al. [198] | 2019 | Thermal and energy performance of two distinct green roofs: temporal pattern and underlying factors in a subtropical climate |
Pérez et al. [199] | 2017 | Green façade for energy savings in buildings: the influence of leaf area index and facade orientation on the shadow effect |
Pérez et al. [200] | 2015 | The thermal behavior of extensive green roofs under low plant coverage conditions |
Perini et al. [201] | 2017 | The use of vertical greening systems to reduce the energy demand for air conditioning. field monitoring in Mediterranean climate |
Pianella et al. [202] | 2017 | Substrate depth, vegetation and irrigation affect green roof thermal performance in a Mediterranean-type climate |
Pigliautile et al. [53] | 2020 | Inter-building assessment of urban heat island mitigation strategies: field tests and numerical modeling in a simplified-geometry experimental setup |
Piro et al. [203] | 2018 | Energy and hydraulic performance of a vegetated roof in a sub-Mediterranean climate |
Pisello, Piselli and Cotana [204] | 2015 | Thermal-physics and energy performance of an innovative green roof system: the cool-green roof |
Poddar, Park and Chang [205] | 2017 | Energy performance analysis of a dormitory building based on different orientations and seasonal variations of leaf area index |
Polo-Labarrios et al. [206] | 2020 | Comparison of thermal performance between green roofs and conventional roofs |
Porcaro et al. [58] | 2021 | Exploring the reduction of energy demand of a building with an eco-roof under different irrigation strategies |
Porcaro et al. [207] | 2019 | Long-term experimental analysis of thermal performance of extensive green roofs with different substrates in a Mediterranean climate |
Ragab and Abdelrady [55] | 2020 | Impact of green roofs on energy demand for cooling in Egyptian buildings |
Rakotondramiarana, Ranaivoarisoa and Morau [208] | 2015 | Dynamic simulation of the green roofs impact on building energy performance, case study of Antananarivo, Madagascar |
Razzaghmanesh, Beecham and Salemi [209] | 2016 | The role of green roofs in mitigating urban heat island effects in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, south Australia |
Rupasinghe and Halwatura [210] | 2020 | Benefits of implementing vertical greening in tropical climates |
Samah, Tiwari and Nougbléga [211] | 2020 | Cool and green roofs as techniques to overcome heating in a building and its surroundings under a warm climate |
Scarpa, Mazzali and Peron [212] | 2014 | Modeling the energy performance of living walls: validation against field measurements in a temperate climate |
Schade, Lidelöw and Lönnqvist [213] | 2021 | The thermal performance of a green roof on a highly insulated building in a sub-arctic climate |
Scharf and Kraus [214] | 2019 | Green roofs and greenpasses |
Scharf and Zluwa [215] | 2017 | Case-study investigation of the building physical properties of seven different green roof systems |
Schweitzer and Erell [216] | 2014 | Evaluation of the energy performance and irrigation requirements of extensive green roofs in a water-scarce Mediterranean climate |
Shao et al. [217] | 2021 | Influence of temperature and moisture content on thermal performance of green roof media |
Sharma et al. [218] | 2016 | Green and cool roofs to mitigate urban heat island effects in the Chicago metropolitan area: evaluation with a regional climate model |
Sharma et al. [69] | 2018 | Role of green roofs in reducing heat stress in vulnerable urban communities—a multidisciplinary approach |
Silva, Gomes and Silva [219] | 2016 | Green roof energy performance in a Mediterranean climate |
Simões et al. [220] | 2020 | Comparison between cork-based and conventional green roof solutions |
Sisco et al. [221] | 2017 | Rooftop gardens as a means to use recycled waste and a/c condensate and reduce temperature variation in buildings |
Small et al. [222] | 2020 | Urban heat island mitigation due to enhanced evapotranspiration in an urban garden in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA |
Smalls-Mantey and Montalto [223] | 2021 | The seasonal microclimate trends of a large-scale extensive green roof |
Squier and Davidson [224] | 2016 | Heat flux and seasonal thermal performance of an extensive green roof |
Stella and Personne [225] | 2021 | Effects of conventional, extensive and semi-intensive green roofs on building conductive heat fluxes and surface temperatures in winter in Paris |
Šuklje, Arkar and Medved [226] | 2014 | The local ventilation system, coupled with the indirect green façade: a preliminary study |
Šuklje, Medved and Arkar [227] | 2013 | An experimental study on a microclimatic layer of a bionic façade inspired by vertical greenery |
Šuklje, Medved and Arkar [228] | 2016 | On detailed thermal response modeling of vertical greenery systems as a cooling measure for buildings and cities in summer conditions |
Sun, Grimmond and Ni [229] | 2016 | How do green roofs mitigate urban thermal stress under heat waves? |
Susorova et al. [230] | 2013 | A model of vegetated exterior facades for evaluation of wall thermal performance |
Susorova, Azimi and Stephens [231] | 2014 | The effects of climbing vegetation on the local microclimate, thermal performance, and air infiltration of four building facade orientations |
Taleghani et al. [232] | 2019 | The impact of heat mitigation strategies on the energy balance of a neighborhood in Los Angeles |
Taleghani, Sailor and Ban-Weiss [233] | 2016 | Micrometeorological simulations to predict the impacts of heat mitigation strategies on pedestrian thermal comfort in a Los Angeles neighborhood |
Tan et al. [234] | 2017 | The impact of soil and water retention characteristics on green roof thermal performance |
Tan et al. [235] | 2020 | Building envelope-integrated green plants for energy saving |
Tang and Zheng [236] | 2019 | Experimental study of the thermal performance of an extensive green roof on sunny summer days |
Tang and Qu [237] | 2016 | Phase change and thermal performance analysis for green roofs in cold climates |
Tetiana and Mileikovskyi [238] | 2020 | Methodology of thermal resistance and cooling effect testing of green roofs |
Vaezizadeh, Rashidisharifabad and Afhami [239] | 2016 | Investigating the cooling effect of living walls in the sunken courtyards of traditional houses in Yazd |
Vaz Monteiro et al. [240] | 2017 | Functional green roofs: importance of plant choice in maximizing summertime environmental cooling and substrate insulation potential |
Vera et al. [241] | 2017 | Influence of vegetation, substrate, and thermal insulation of an extensive vegetated roof on the thermal performance of retail stores in semiarid and marine climates |
Kumar and Mahalle [242] | 2016 | Investigation of the thermal performance of green roof in a mild warm climate |
Virk et al. [243] | 2015 | Microclimatic effects of green and cool roofs in London and their impacts on energy use for a typical office building |
Vox, Blanco and Schettini [244] | 2018 | Green façades to control wall surface temperature in buildings |
Wahba et al. [72] | 2019 | Green envelop impact on reducing air temperature and enhancing outdoor thermal comfort in arid climates |
Wahba et al. [73] | 2018 | Effectiveness of green roofs and green walls on energy consumption and indoor comfort in arid climates |
Linying, Huang and Li [245] | 2021 | The strong influence of convective heat transfer efficiency on the cooling benefits of green roof irrigation |
Wei et al. [246] | 2021 | A random effects model to optimize soil thickness for green-roof thermal benefits in winter |
Wei et al. [247] | 2020 | Adjusting soil parameters to improve green roof winter energy performance based on neural-network modeling |
Wilkinson and Feitosa [248] | 2015 | Retrofitting housing with lightweight green roof technology in Sydney, Australia, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
Xing et al. [249] | 2019 | experimental investigation on the thermal performance of a vertical greening system with green roof in wet and cold climates during winter |
Xing and Jones [250] | 2021 | In situ monitoring of energetic and hydrological performance of a semi-intensive green roof and a white roof during a heatwave event in the UK |
Yaghoobian and Srebric [251] | 2015 | Influence of plant coverage on the total green roof energy balance and building energy consumption |
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Appendix C
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Abbreviation | UGI Type | Description |
---|---|---|
GR | Green Roof | Artificial landscape on a roof surface with vegetated layers. |
EGR | Extensive green roof | Lightweight structure, with a substrate thickness of less than 200 mm. Limited vegetation with shallow roots, such as sedums, herbs, and grasses. |
IGR | Intensive green roof | Heavyweight structure, substrate thickness from 250 mm to more than 1 m. Suitable to grow lawns, perennials, shrubs, and small trees. |
SemiGR | Semi-intensive green roof | The weight is between EGR and IGR, with a substrate between 120 mm and 250 mm to support grasses, herbs, and shrubs. |
BR | Blue roof | Blue roofs involve the use of water-saturated slabs on the building rooftop to provide extra storage for rainwater under the rooftop surface or vegetation layer. |
VGS | Vertical Greenery System | Vertical structures that allow vegetation to grow across the building’s façade and walls. |
GF | Green façade | The vegetation cover is formed by climbing plants or hanging plants that grow directly on the façade. |
DSGF | Double skin green façade | Similar to the green façade, the vegetation cover is formed on a particular support system that is attached to the building’s walls, so that the plant is growing indirectly on the façade. |
GW | Green wall | A green wall is also known as a living wall, with supporting structures attached to the façade. With substrate-based plants growing in planter boxes or in pockets on the panels, the vegetation cover is formed by sedums, herbs, or moss instead of climbing plants. |
UA | Urban Agriculture | The vegetation is edible, which provides a food source and offers other benefits within the urban environment. |
RTGH | Rooftop greenhouse | A passive system designed and integrated on a building rooftop to improve the thermal performance. |
UGI Scale | Features | Min. Range 1 | Max. Range 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Micro | A very small structure/model that is inhabitable. | 0 | to | <100 |
Local | Based on a single building, usually filled with occupants. | ≥100 | to | <10,000 |
Neighborhood | A group of buildings that are situated across a few streets or blocks. | ≥10,000 | to | <1,000,000 |
City | Clusters of building blocks or multiple precincts. | ≥1,000,000 |
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Wai, C.Y.; Tariq, M.A.U.R.; Muttil, N. A Systematic Review on the Existing Research, Practices, and Prospects Regarding Urban Green Infrastructure for Thermal Comfort in a High-Density Urban Context. Water 2022, 14, 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162496
Wai CY, Tariq MAUR, Muttil N. A Systematic Review on the Existing Research, Practices, and Prospects Regarding Urban Green Infrastructure for Thermal Comfort in a High-Density Urban Context. Water. 2022; 14(16):2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162496
Chicago/Turabian StyleWai, Cheuk Yin, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, and Nitin Muttil. 2022. "A Systematic Review on the Existing Research, Practices, and Prospects Regarding Urban Green Infrastructure for Thermal Comfort in a High-Density Urban Context" Water 14, no. 16: 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162496