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Volume 14
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10.3390/w14132025
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Article

Potential of Using Dual-Media Biofilm Reactors as a Real Coffee Industrial Effluent Pre-Treatment

by
Hassimi Abu Hasan
1,2,*,
Dheenesh Sai Annanda Shanmugam
1,
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
1,2,
Mohd Hafizuddin Muhamad
1,* and
Setyo Budi Kurniawan
1
1
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2022, 14(13), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132025
Submission received: 22 April 2022 / Revised: 17 June 2022 / Accepted: 21 June 2022 / Published: 24 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
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Abstract

The coffee processing industry produces toxic and low biodegradable effluent, which can pollute water bodies. A pre-treatment study on coffee effluent using a dual-media biofilm reactor (DM-BR) containing sand and Hexafilter (HEX) was conducted alongside a control biofilm reactor (C-BR) containing sand media. The novelty of this study lies in the use of dual media in biofilm reactor (DM-BR) for real coffee effluent treatment, where these processes were used individually in previous studies. The performance of DM-BR and C-BR in treating coffee effluent were investigated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), 24, 48 and 72 h, and the degrading bacteria were identified. Both biofilm reactors were inoculated with a recycled paper mill-activated sludge and acclimatised for 97 days. The DM-BR displayed the highest removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N at 47% and 38%, respectively, within 48 h of HRT, whereas colour and tannin–lignin reached maximum average removal of 21% and 29%, respectively, at 24 h of HRT. The combination of sand and HEX media in a system showed COD and NH4+-N removal improvement at 48 h of HRT and encouraged a variety of bacterial species growth. Bacterial characterisation analysis revealed Proteobacteria to be dominant.
Keywords: dual-media biofilm reactor; coffee effluent; aerobic degradation; lignin –tannin removal; cod removal dual-media biofilm reactor; coffee effluent; aerobic degradation; lignin –tannin removal; cod removal
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MDPI and ACS Style

Abu Hasan, H.; Sai Annanda Shanmugam, D.; Sheikh Abdullah, S.R.; Muhamad, M.H.; Budi Kurniawan, S. Potential of Using Dual-Media Biofilm Reactors as a Real Coffee Industrial Effluent Pre-Treatment. Water 2022, 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132025

AMA Style

Abu Hasan H, Sai Annanda Shanmugam D, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Muhamad MH, Budi Kurniawan S. Potential of Using Dual-Media Biofilm Reactors as a Real Coffee Industrial Effluent Pre-Treatment. Water. 2022; 14(13):2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132025

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abu Hasan, Hassimi, Dheenesh Sai Annanda Shanmugam, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Mohd Hafizuddin Muhamad, and Setyo Budi Kurniawan. 2022. "Potential of Using Dual-Media Biofilm Reactors as a Real Coffee Industrial Effluent Pre-Treatment" Water 14, no. 13: 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132025

APA Style

Abu Hasan, H., Sai Annanda Shanmugam, D., Sheikh Abdullah, S. R., Muhamad, M. H., & Budi Kurniawan, S. (2022). Potential of Using Dual-Media Biofilm Reactors as a Real Coffee Industrial Effluent Pre-Treatment. Water, 14(13), 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132025

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