Combining Fish Passage and Sediment Bypassing: A Conceptual Solution for Increased Sustainability of Dams and Reservoirs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background: Sediment Bypass Tunnels and Fish Passage
2.1. Sediment Bypass Tunnels
2.2. Fish Passage
2.2.1. Fish Swimming and Hydrodynamics
2.2.2. Fishways
- Technical fish passages: These are the most common fish passages. Technical fish passages aim to disperse the hydraulic head from the headwater to the tailwater using a channel divided into a succession of pools by several cross-walls. Such pools also allow for the dissipation of the energy to levels suitable for fish navigation. Flow discharge between pools occurs through submerged orifices or vertical slots (single or multiple) (e.g., pool-and-weir passes, vertical-slot passes, Denil passes) [92].
- Nature-like fish passages: This type of fish passage aims to imitate as closely as possible the natural river conditions. These structures are characterized by dispersing the hydraulic head over a certain distance by keeping the slope as smooth as possible. The construction material usually corresponds to the one present in the river under natural conditions (e.g., bottom ramps, bypass channels, fish ramps) [93] (Haro et al., 2008).
- Special fish passages: Special fish passage are specific structures designed for particular cases, such as fish lifts, fish locks, and eel ladders. Special fish passages are very selective and are not sufficient for mitigation of several fish species. This is the case of eel ladders that are designed to allow eels’ upstream migration. Similarly, fish lifts have been shown to be very selective structures as they have some restriction of functionality for small fish species, although successful applications exist [94,95,96] (Meyer et al., 2016, Coe, 2016, Schletterer et al., 2017).
3. Combined Structures for Fish Passage and Sediment Bypass Tunnels
3.1. Downstream Fish Passage in SBT
3.1.1. Inlet Structures
3.1.2. Downstream Passage through Tunnel
3.1.3. Outlet Structures
3.2. Upstream Fish Passage in SBT
3.2.1. Inlet Structures
3.2.2. Upstream Passage through the Tunnel
3.2.3. Outlet Structures
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Solution | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages | |
---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | Pipe for fish passage attached to SBT ceiling. | Separates fish passage from parts of tunnel with high abrasion (floor and walls). Relatively cheap and easy to install. Minimizes water usage for fish bypass. | Difficult to manually inspect, potentially reduces max. capacity of SBT for sediment flushing if retrofitted. | |
V2 | Depression in SBT floor, to concentrate bypass flow. | Easy to inspect, cheap to construct. Minimizes water usage for fish bypass. | Will increase abrasion especially in SBT tunnels designed for bypassing bed load and might get filled with sediment. | |
V3 | Wall separating SBT into channels for fish and sediment movement. | Separates fish passage from sediment bypass. Possible to inspect if wide enough for humans. Minimizes water usage for fish bypass. | Can severely reduce capacity of SBT for sediment bypassing if retrofitted. | |
V4 | “Single use” plywood structures raising water level and/or concentrating flow. | Easy to inspect, minimizes water usage for fish bypass. Cheap material. Non-permanent solution. | Must be completely replaced after every sediment bypassing. Can be laborious to attach to tunnel wall and floor. |
Solution | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages | |
---|---|---|---|---|
V5 | Pipe(s) or channel(s) close to SBT ceiling with baffles/vanes/vertical slots for upstream fish passage, thereby using separate pipes for up- and downstream passage. | Separates fish passage from parts of tunnel with high abrasion (floor and walls). Relatively easy to install. Minimizes water usage for fish bypass. | Difficult to access and inspect, potentially reduces maximum capacity of SBT for sediment bypassing if retrofitted. | |
V6 | Wall dividing the tunnel into fishway and sediment bypass channels. Channel for upstream passage fitted with baffles/vanes/vertical slots. | Separates fish passage from sediment bypass. Possible to inspect if wide enough for humans to walk through. Minimizes water usage for fish bypass. | Can severely reduce capacity of SBT for sediment bypassing if retrofitted. | |
V7 | “Single use” plywood baffles/vanes/vertical slots raising water level and/or concentrating flow. | Easy to inspect, minimizes water usage for fish bypass. Cheap material. Non-permanent solution. | Must be completely replaced after every sediment bypassing. Can be challenging to attach to tunnel wall and floor. |
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Foldvik, A.; Silva, A.T.; Albayrak, I.; Schwarzwälder, K.; Boes, R.M.; Ruther, N. Combining Fish Passage and Sediment Bypassing: A Conceptual Solution for Increased Sustainability of Dams and Reservoirs. Water 2022, 14, 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121977
Foldvik A, Silva AT, Albayrak I, Schwarzwälder K, Boes RM, Ruther N. Combining Fish Passage and Sediment Bypassing: A Conceptual Solution for Increased Sustainability of Dams and Reservoirs. Water. 2022; 14(12):1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121977
Chicago/Turabian StyleFoldvik, Anders, Ana T. Silva, Ismail Albayrak, Kordula Schwarzwälder, Robert M. Boes, and Nils Ruther. 2022. "Combining Fish Passage and Sediment Bypassing: A Conceptual Solution for Increased Sustainability of Dams and Reservoirs" Water 14, no. 12: 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121977