Channeling Water Conflicts through the Legislative Branch in Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Water Rights’ Protection in Latin America and Colombia
2.2. Uses of Congress to Seek Legal Reform
2.3. How Do Political Issues Reach Congress
2.4. The Role of Congress in the Protection to the Right of Water in Latin America
2.5. The Right to Water in Colombia and Its Challenges
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework
4.2. Political Parties’ Statutes
4.3. Bills and Proposed Constitutional Amendments
4.4. Political Control
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Topic | n per Issue | Reference No. | Year | Document Type | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
To recognize and regulate the human right to water in the Constitution | 9 | Docket No. 15 November 2007 N° Senado: 197/07 (Defensoría) | 2007 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. N° Cámara: 047/08 | 2008 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 14 October 2008 N° Cámara: 171/08 | 2008 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. Cámara: 054/2008 | 2008 | PCR | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 8 August 2012 Senado: 066/12 | 2012 | PCR | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 16 March 2016 Senado: 011 / 201, Cámara: 260/16 | 2016 | PCR | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 25 July 2018 Senado: 06 / 2018, Cámara: 234/18 | 2018 | PCR | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 22 March 2017 Senado: 14/2017 Cámara: 282/17 | 2017 | PCR | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 20 July 2018 Cámara: 009/2018 | 2018 | PCR | Not Passed | ||
Sustainable use of water (Recycling, treatment, rainwater collection and rational use of potable water) | 2 | Docket No. 26 July 2017 N° Senado: 048/17 | 2017 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 28 August 2018 N° Senado: 116/18 | 2018 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Free minimum access to drinking water | 5 | Docket No. 06 December 2012 N° Senado: 174/12 | 2012 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 20 July 2013 N° Senado: 009/13 | 2013 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 27 July 2018 N° Senado: 057/18 | 2018 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 27 July 2020 N° Senado: 168/20 | 2020 | PB | Pending for first debate in Senado | ||
Docket No. 09 October 2020 N° Senado: 321/20 | 2020 | PB | Pending for first debate in Senado | ||
Subsidies and funds for equitable water provision among regions | 4 | Bill No. 373 of 1997 | 1997 | B | Passed (PB Docket No. 23 August 1995) |
Docket No. 16 October 2003 N° Senado: 029/04 N° Cámara: 150/03 | 2003 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Bill No. 1176 of 2007 | 2007 | B | Passed (PB Docket No. 24 March 2007) | ||
Docket No. 25 September 2008 N° Cámara: 150/08 | 2008 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Ecotourism and protection of hot springs | 4 | Docket No. 14 August 2014 N° Senado: 065/14 | 2014 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 19 August 2015 N° Senado: 062/15 | 2015 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 26 July 2017 N° Senado: 037/17 | 2017 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 20 March 2019 N° Senado: 241/19 | 2019 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Integral and sustainable fishing and aquaculture in water sources | 3 | Docket No. 28 September 2010 N° Senado: 159/10 | 2010 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 25 August 2010 N° Senado: 126/10 | 2010 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 21 July 2014 N° Senado: 025/14 N° Cámara: 183/15 | 2014 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Protection of groundwater and aquifers | 2 | Docket No. 1 August 2012 N° Senado: 057/12 | 2012 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 16 October 2013 N° Senado: 126/13 N° Cámara: 20 June 2014 | 2013 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Provision of drinking water through community-based systems | 1 | Docket No. 20 July 2013 N° Senado: 018/13 | 2013 | PB | Not Passed |
Water as a public utility | 3 | Docket No. 28 August 2002 N° Senado: 063/02 | 2002 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 01 August 2012 N° Senado: 061/12 | 2012 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Bill No. 1977 of 2019 | 2017 | B | Passed (PB Docket No. 8 November 2017) | ||
Mining and water protection | 3 | Docket No. 22 April 2008 N° Senado: 278/08 | 2008 | PB | Not Passed |
Docket No. 5 August 2019 N° Senado: 094/19 | 2019 | PB | Not Passed | ||
Docket No. 20 July 2020 N° Senado: 082/20 | 2020 | PB | Pending for first debate in Senado | ||
Total | 36 |
Quadrennium | Proposed Bill (n) | Proposed Constitutional Reform (n) | Bill (n) | Total Quadrennium (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1994–1998 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1998–2002 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2002–2006 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2006–2010 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
2010–2014 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
2014–2018 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
2018–2022 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
Total | 27 | 6 | 3 | 36 |
Political Party | Proposed Bills and Constitutional Amendments |
---|---|
Alianza Verde | 11 |
Partido Liberal | 8 |
Partido de la U | 7 |
Polo Democrático | 7 |
Partido Conservador | 7 |
Partido MIRA | 5 |
Decentes | 4 |
Opción Ciudadana | 3 |
Centro Democrático | 3 |
Cambio Radical | 3 |
Alianza Social Independiente (ASI) | 3 |
Colombia Justa Libres | 2 |
Sociedad civil—Comité de Promotores del Referendo Constitucional para consagrar el derecho al agua potable como fundamental | 1 |
Movimiento Unidad Indígena y popular por Colombia—MUIPC | 1 |
FARC | 1 |
Autoridades Indígenas de Colombia (AICO) | 1 |
Bill/Amendment | Purpose |
---|---|
P1. Senado 057/18 Party: Alianza Verde | Ensuring that the population with least resources (stratification 1 and 2) has access to a vital minimum of water (20 m3). It also enshrines that water as a human right and rain as a public good. |
P15. Senado: 009/13 Party: MIRA | Vital basket of energy, water, sewerage, home gas and telecommunications for low-income people. |
P16 Senado: 174/12 Parties: Liberal and U. | Minimum vital amount of water “Program to be adopted by the municipality, within the range of 50 to 100 L per day per person.” It seeks to present beneficiaries with access to the same services they would have had if they had filed a suit. |
PRC 1. Bill No. 171 2008 (water referendum) Proposed by civil society organizations | Declaring the right to water as fundamental, to establish a minimum amount of free water, and excluding private companies from drinking water provision, leaving the service only to state owned companies and to community-based water providers. |
Topic | Description |
---|---|
Environmental protection | When Congress requests reports on the environmental impact of mining projects, the government answers that projects with licenses have passed the environmental checks but it is not clear what that really means. |
Mining |
|
Sustainable development |
|
Delimitation of protected areas |
|
Litigation against the Colombian government |
|
COVID and social participation | Communities who would be affected by this project have been participating actively and pushing against mining projects. There is little availability of internet connection in these areas. During the COVID pandemic hearings are held online and the community will not have accessibility to engage. |
Factor | Description |
---|---|
Number of people affected | The more people affected, the more likely it is for Congress to pay attention Electoral motivation for Congress members |
Economic interests at stake | Electoral motivation for Congress members Economic activity Agriculture Mining Construction Livestock The higher the economic interests, the more likely it is for Congress to pay attention |
Social conflicts of social movements in the area | Social mobilization Violence against social leaders The more intense social dynamics in the area |
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Páez, A.M.; Vallejo Piedrahíta, C. Channeling Water Conflicts through the Legislative Branch in Colombia. Water 2021, 13, 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091214
Páez AM, Vallejo Piedrahíta C. Channeling Water Conflicts through the Legislative Branch in Colombia. Water. 2021; 13(9):1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091214
Chicago/Turabian StylePáez, Angela M., and Catalina Vallejo Piedrahíta. 2021. "Channeling Water Conflicts through the Legislative Branch in Colombia" Water 13, no. 9: 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091214