Variations of Groundwater Dynamics in Alluvial Aquifers with Reclaimed Water Restoring the Overlying River, Beijing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Location and Hydrogeological Setting
2.2. The Chaobai River Restoration Project with RW
3. Methods
3.1. Sampling and Analytical Procedures
3.2. Mixing Model
3.3. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Groundwater Levels in the Aquifers
4.1.1. The 30-m Depth Aquifer
4.1.2. The 50-m Depth Aquifer
4.1.3. The 80-m Depth Aquifer
4.2. Hydrochemical and Stable Isotopic Compositions of Water Samples
5. Discussion
5.1. Groundwater Dynamics and Hydrochemistry before RW Transfer
5.2. The Impact of the RW on Different Aquifers
5.3. The Flow Path of the RW in the Aquifers
5.3.1. The 30-m Depth Aquifer
5.3.2. The 50-m Depth Aquifer
5.3.3. The 80-m Depth Aquifer
5.4. Proportion of Reclaimed Water in Groundwater
5.5. Conceptual Model for Groundwater Flow Systems Restored by RW
6. Conclusions
- ●
- The impact of RW infiltration on groundwater dynamics shows significantly spatiotemporal variation. The 30-m depth aquifer at Perennial intake reach increased by 3 m in four months and then kept stable, which indicated that they were dominated by RW infiltration. However, the 30-m depth groundwater levels at intermittent intake and anti-seepage reaches were controlled by precipitation recharge before 2012, then they were dominated by RW infiltration with more RW transferred to the river. The 30-m depth groundwater levels decreased with increasing distance to the river, showing a decrease in the effect of the RW on groundwater. The 50-m and 80-m depth groundwater levels decreased by 6–9 m and 6–15 m, respectively, being dominated by the groundwater pumping.
- ●
- The RW has a significant impact on the water stable isotopic compositions of 30-m depth aquifer. However, regional groundwater with meteoric origin mainly recharges 50-m depth and 80-m depth groundwater. The RW usage significantly increases the Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the groundwater. The groundwater types of the 30-m and 50-m depth aquifers change from Ca·Mg-HCO3 in 2007 to Na·Ca·Mg-HCO3·Cl and Ca·Na·Mg-HCO3 in 2018, while that of the 80-m depth aquifer does not change (Ca·Na·Mg-HCO3 and Na·Mg·Ca-HCO3). The chloride conservative mixing model shows that the averaged proportion of the RW in 30 m, 50 m, and 80 m-depth aquifers are 53%, 39%, and 15%, respectively.
- ●
- Our study confirms that the heterogenous properties of the multi-layer alluvial aquifer offer the preferential flow path for RW transport in the aquifers. The RW mainly infiltrates into the 30-m depth aquifer around the intermittent and perennial intake reaches. However, the RW recharges to the 50-m and 80-m depth aquifers by leakage in the intermittent intake reach and anti-seepage reach, respectively. This leads to the higher mixing ratio of the RW in the confined groundwater at intermittent intake reach and anti-seepage reach than that of the perennial intake reach, where there are more RW in the river channel.
- ●
- The RW utilization can significantly alleviate the local water shortage. However, the increased hydraulic gradient between surface water and groundwater by groundwater pumping could enhance the RW transport in the aquifers. The shorter residence time of RW in the aquifers may restrain the removal rate of pollutants in the RW. It would pose a potential pollution to the groundwater. The restriction of groundwater pumping could decrease the hydraulic gradient. Hence, the RW transfer to the river channel and groundwater exploitation should be considered together for water source management in northern China and other similar areas around the world.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Cluster | Hydrochemistry Type | TDS (mg/L) | pH | CODmn (mg/L) | TH (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Cl− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | HCO3− (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007 | A1 | Ca·Na·Mg-HCO3 | 307.1 | 7.7 | 1.3 | 234.2 | 1.9 | 38.5 | 55.0 | 18.5 | 12.0 | 30.5 | 309.5 |
A2 | Ca·Mg-HCO3 | 637.2 | 7.5 | 2.1 | 463.9 | 6.7 | 41.1 | 143.6 | 37.7 | 55.9 | 88.2 | 524.6 | |
A3 | Ca·Mg-HCO3 | 466.7 | 7.7 | 1.3 | 334.5 | 2.3 | 34.5 | 88.4 | 27.1 | 44.2 | 49.7 | 369.3 | |
2018 | B1 | Ca·Mg·Na-HCO3 | 513.6 | 7.9 | 1.4 | 318.2 | 2.2 | 42.0 | 74.6 | 32.0 | 61.2 | 55.2 | 374.4 |
B2 | Na·Mg·Ca-HCO3 | 250.3 | 8.3 | 0.8 | 151.0 | 3.8 | 34.5 | 29.5 | 18.9 | 28.1 | 10.7 | 228.1 | |
B3 | Na·Ca·Mg-HCO3·Cl | 350.5 | 8.0 | 2.2 | 145.7 | 2.6 | 68.9 | 31.0 | 15.9 | 91.1 | 21.0 | 208.6 | |
B4 | Na·Ca·Mg-HCO3·Cl·SO4 | 524.0 | 8.3 | 5.4 | 212.2 | 13.4 | 81.4 | 46.9 | 22.4 | 94.8 | 104.8 | 190.0 |
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He, Z.; Han, D.; Song, X.; Yang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, Y.; Bu, H.; Li, B.; Yang, S. Variations of Groundwater Dynamics in Alluvial Aquifers with Reclaimed Water Restoring the Overlying River, Beijing, China. Water 2021, 13, 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060806
He Z, Han D, Song X, Yang L, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Bu H, Li B, Yang S. Variations of Groundwater Dynamics in Alluvial Aquifers with Reclaimed Water Restoring the Overlying River, Beijing, China. Water. 2021; 13(6):806. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060806
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Zekang, Dongmei Han, Xianfang Song, Lihu Yang, Yinghua Zhang, Ying Ma, Hongmei Bu, Binghua Li, and Shengtian Yang. 2021. "Variations of Groundwater Dynamics in Alluvial Aquifers with Reclaimed Water Restoring the Overlying River, Beijing, China" Water 13, no. 6: 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060806