Figure 1.
Hydraulic well: (a) existing hydraulic well (2011); (b) developed hydraulic well.
Figure 1.
Hydraulic well: (a) existing hydraulic well (2011); (b) developed hydraulic well.
Figure 2.
Particle size distribution and compaction curve of experimental specimens: (a) particle size distribution curve; (b) compaction curve.
Figure 2.
Particle size distribution and compaction curve of experimental specimens: (a) particle size distribution curve; (b) compaction curve.
Figure 3.
Section and panorama of experimental embankment: (a) section; (b) panorama.
Figure 3.
Section and panorama of experimental embankment: (a) section; (b) panorama.
Figure 4.
Installation process of the pore water pressure sensor: (a) sensor; (b) sensor inside the acrylic case; (c) sensors buried at the planned location.
Figure 4.
Installation process of the pore water pressure sensor: (a) sensor; (b) sensor inside the acrylic case; (c) sensors buried at the planned location.
Figure 5.
Buried position map of pore water pressure sensors: (a) case 1; (b) case 2.
Figure 5.
Buried position map of pore water pressure sensors: (a) case 1; (b) case 2.
Figure 6.
Hydrograph of the riverside.
Figure 6.
Hydrograph of the riverside.
Figure 7.
Hydrograph of the hydraulic well.
Figure 7.
Hydrograph of the hydraulic well.
Figure 8.
Results of the pore pressure test (case 1): (a) hydraulic well installation point; (b) 45 cm separation site; (c) 55 cm separation site.
Figure 8.
Results of the pore pressure test (case 1): (a) hydraulic well installation point; (b) 45 cm separation site; (c) 55 cm separation site.
Figure 9.
Results of the pore water pressure test (case 2): (a) hydraulic well installation point; (b) 45 cm separation site; (c) 55 cm separation site.
Figure 9.
Results of the pore water pressure test (case 2): (a) hydraulic well installation point; (b) 45 cm separation site; (c) 55 cm separation site.
Figure 10.
Location of pore water pressure sensors and mesh of embankment: (a) geometry and mesh; (b) pore water pressure sensor location.
Figure 10.
Location of pore water pressure sensors and mesh of embankment: (a) geometry and mesh; (b) pore water pressure sensor location.
Figure 11.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 1 (hydraulic well installation point): (a) No.1; (b) No.2; (c) No.3; (d) No.4; (e) No.5.
Figure 11.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 1 (hydraulic well installation point): (a) No.1; (b) No.2; (c) No.3; (d) No.4; (e) No.5.
Figure 12.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 1 (45 cm separation site): (a) No.6; (b) No.7; (c) No.8.
Figure 12.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 1 (45 cm separation site): (a) No.6; (b) No.7; (c) No.8.
Figure 13.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 1 (55 cm separation site): (a) No.9; (b) No.10; (c) No.11.
Figure 13.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 1 (55 cm separation site): (a) No.9; (b) No.10; (c) No.11.
Figure 14.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 2 (hydraulic well installation point): (a) No.1; (b) No.2; (c) No.3; (d) No.4; (e) No.5.
Figure 14.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 2 (hydraulic well installation point): (a) No.1; (b) No.2; (c) No.3; (d) No.4; (e) No.5.
Figure 15.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 2 (45 cm separation site): (a) No.6; (b) No.7; (c) No.8.
Figure 15.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 2 (45 cm separation site): (a) No.6; (b) No.7; (c) No.8.
Figure 16.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 2 (55 cm separation site): (a) No.9; (b) No.10; (c) No.11.
Figure 16.
Comparison of pore water pressure of experiments and numerical analysis of case 2 (55 cm separation site): (a) No.9; (b) No.10; (c) No.11.
Figure 17.
Cross-section of the embankment for numerical analysis (unit = −m).
Figure 17.
Cross-section of the embankment for numerical analysis (unit = −m).
Figure 18.
Water level waveform applied to the analysis.
Figure 18.
Water level waveform applied to the analysis.
Figure 19.
Analysis result of seepage velocity (HWL = 18.0, time = 105 h): (a) embankment view; (b) seepage velocity of piping guide part.
Figure 19.
Analysis result of seepage velocity (HWL = 18.0, time = 105 h): (a) embankment view; (b) seepage velocity of piping guide part.
Figure 20.
Seepage velocity (m/sec) by the water level of the hydraulic well.
Figure 20.
Seepage velocity (m/sec) by the water level of the hydraulic well.
Figure 21.
Streamline length of piping guide part.
Figure 21.
Streamline length of piping guide part.
Figure 22.
Hydraulic gradients of theory and numerical analysis.
Figure 22.
Hydraulic gradients of theory and numerical analysis.
Table 1.
Engineering properties of experimental soils.
Table 1.
Engineering properties of experimental soils.
| Classification | Silty Sand |
---|
Characteristics | |
---|
| 2.674 |
Plasticity Index | Non-Plasticity |
Particle Size | #200 (%) | 2.4 |
Coefficient of Curvature () | 0.9 |
Coefficient of Uniformity () | 3.6 |
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) | SP |
Compaction | (kN/) | 17.24 |
Optimum Moisture Content ( (%)) | 13.9 |
Shear Strength | Cohesion (kPa) | 16.0 |
Inner Friction Angle (Φ (°)) | 38.2 |
Table 2.
Unsaturated properties of soil.
Table 2.
Unsaturated properties of soil.
Textural Class | Sand |
---|
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) | SP |
Saturated Volumetric Water Content, ) | 0.045 |
Residual Volumetric Water Content, ) | 0.43 |
Reciprocal of the Air Entry Value, | 14.5 |
Coefficient Related to the Slope of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve, | 2.68 |
Slope-Related Coefficient at High Levels of Capillary Absorption, | 0.627 |
Permeability Coefficient, ) | 0.0009 |
Table 3.
Seepage velocity by the water level of the hydraulic well.
Table 3.
Seepage velocity by the water level of the hydraulic well.
Time | Seepage Velocity (m/s) by the Water Level (
) of the Hydraulic Well
|
---|
h | s | 0 m | 0.4 m | 0.5 m | 0.6 m | 0.7 m | 0.8 m | 0.9 m | 1.0 m |
---|
100 | 360,000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 |
101 | 363,600 | 0.00281 | 0.00265 | 0.00261 | 0.00257 | 0.00253 | 0.00249 | 0.00245 | 0.00241 |
102 | 367,200 | 0.00560 | 0.00528 | 0.00521 | 0.00513 | 0.00505 | 0.00497 | 0.00489 | 0.00481 |
105 | 378,000 | 0.00561 | 0.00529 | 0.00521 | 0.00513 | 0.00505 | 0.00497 | 0.00490 | 0.00482 |
106 | 381,600 | 0.00352 | 0.00320 | 0.00312 | 0.00304 | 0.00297 | 0.00289 | 0.00281 | 0.00273 |
110 | 396,000 | 0.00352 | 0.00320 | 0.00312 | 0.00305 | 0.00297 | 0.00289 | 0.00281 | 0.00273 |
114 | 410,400 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 |
120 | 432,000 | 0.00001 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 |
| 0.00561 | 0.00529 | 0.00521 | 0.00513 | 0.00505 | 0.00497 | 0.00490 | 0.00482 |
| 100.0 | 94.4 | 93.00 | 91.6 | 90.2 | 88.7 | 87.3 | 85.9 |
Table 4.
Seepage velocity by horizontal distance from piping point ( = 0.7 m.
Table 4.
Seepage velocity by horizontal distance from piping point ( = 0.7 m.
| Unapplied | Horizontal Distance from the Piping Point (m) |
---|
None | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|
v (m/s)
| 0.0024 | 0.0024 | 0.0024 | 0.0128 | 0.0022 | 0.0129 | 0.0024 | 0.0024 |
| 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 526.8 | 90.1 | 530.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Table 5.
Theoretical hydraulic gradients according to the water level of hydraulic well.
Table 5.
Theoretical hydraulic gradients according to the water level of hydraulic well.
| | | |
---|
0.0 | 71.0 | 8.00 | 0.1127 |
0.4 | 7.60 | 0.1070 |
0.5 | 7.50 | 0.1056 |
0.6 | 7.40 | 0.1042 |
0.7 | 7.30 | 0.1028 |
0.8 | 7.20 | 0.1014 |
0.9 | 7.10 | 0.1000 |
1.0 | 7.00 | 0.0986 |
Table 6.
Hydraulic gradients of theory and numerical analysis.
Table 6.
Hydraulic gradients of theory and numerical analysis.
| Theoretical | Numerical |
---|
0.0 | 0.1127 | 0.1100 |
0.4 | 0.1070 | 0.1038 |
0.5 | 0.1056 | 0.1023 |
0.6 | 0.1042 | 0.1007 |
0.7 | 0.1028 | 0.0992 |
0.8 | 0.1014 | 0.0976 |
0.9 | 0.1000 | 0.0961 |
1.0 | 0.0986 | 0.0945 |