MAPKs and HSPs’ Activation of a Natural Daphnia magna Population in a Man-Perturbed Lake: Implications of Ecological Significance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Selection in Field and Analysis
2.2.1. Water Physicochemical Parameters, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Analysis
2.2.2. Daphnia magna Western Blot Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Parameters
3.2. Daphnia magna and Zooplankton Community Structure
3.3. Protein Expression
3.4. Interrelationships: Molecural Biomarkers and Environmental Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Daphnia magna in the Zooplankton Community
4.2. Changes in Daphnia magna Protein Expression
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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March | April | May | June | July | September | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | (Mar) | (Apr) | (May) | (Jun) | (Jul) | (Sep) |
pH | 9.69 | 10.15 | 9.75 | 9.3 | 8.77 | 9.82 |
Temp (°C) | 12 | 17.6 | 20.3 | 27.6 | 27.8 | 25.8 |
Cond (μS cm−1) | 6220 | 6889 | 7200 | 8663 | 8800 | 12160 |
Sal (ppt) | 4 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 7.1 |
Max depth (m) | 1.25 | 1.3 | 1.25 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.3 |
Phyto ab (cell mL−1 × 103) | 320.96 | 1956.74 | 965.69 | 2265.30 | 1557.90 | 1137.34 |
Harmful phyto (cell mL−1 × 103) | 9.42 | 99.32 | 82.79 | 0 | 0 | 9.59 |
Oscil cyan (cell mL−1 × 103) | 191.43 | 467.20 | 220.33 | 16.79 | 0.26 | 2.79 |
Transp (Secchi m) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.05 |
N-NO2− (mg N L−1) | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.017 | 0.012 |
N-NO3− (mg N L−1) | 0.204 | 0.256 | 0.363 | 0.256 | 0.210 | 0.102 |
N-NH4+ (mg N L−1) | 0.007 | 0.028 | 0.034 | 1.00 | 1.95 | 0.25 |
TN (mg N L−1) | 4.51 | 6.72 | 3.10 | 6.15 | 10.01 | 5.31 |
TON (mg N L−1) | 4.293 | 6.21 | 2.70 | 5.14 | 7.84 | 4.95 |
SRP (mg P L−1) | 0.003 | <dl | 0.008 | <dl | 0.288 | <dl |
TP (mg P L−1) | 0.098 | 0.125 | 0.128 | 0.296 | 0.338 | 0.192 |
Size (μm) | 701–900 | 901–1100 | 1101–1300 | 1301–1500 | 1501–1700 | 1701–1901 | 1901–2100 | 2101–2300 | 2301–2500 | 2501–2700 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | F | F | F | M | F | M | F | F | F | F | F | F |
March | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
June | 1.7 | 1.8 | 16.6 | 1.3 | 6.9 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 11.7 | 23.2 | 5.7 | 20.6 |
July | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.1 | 0 | 10.7 | 13.8 | 26.4 | 24.5 | 12.9 | 0 |
HSP70 | HSP90 | Phospho p38 | Phospho p44/42 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HSP70 | 1.000 | |||
HSP90 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 | ||
phospho p38 | −0.800 | 0.800 | 1.000 | |
phospho p44/42 | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 | 1.000 |
pH | −0.600 | 0.600 | 0.800 | −0.800 |
Temp | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 ** |
Cond | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 ** |
Sal | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 ** |
Max depth | −0.738 | 0.738 | 0.949 | −0.949 |
Phyto ab | 1.000 ** | −1.000 ** | −0.800 | 0.800 |
Harmful phyto | −0.738 | 0.738 | 0.738 | −0.738 |
Oscil cyan | −0.600 | 0.600 | −0.800 | 0.800 |
Transparency | −0.632 | 0.632 | 0.316 | −0.316 |
N-NO2− | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 ** |
N-NO3− | 0.400 | −0.400 | −0.200 | 0.200 |
N-NH4+ | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 ** |
TN | 0.600 | −0.600 | −0.800 | 0.800 |
TON | 0.600 | −0.600 | −0.800 | 0.800 |
SRP | −0.200 | 0.200 | −0.400 | 0.400 |
TP | 0.800 | −0.800 | −1.000 ** | 1.000 ** |
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Demertzioglou, M.; Antonopoulou, E.; Voutsa, D.; Kozari, A.; Moustaka-Gouni, M.; Michaloudi, E. MAPKs and HSPs’ Activation of a Natural Daphnia magna Population in a Man-Perturbed Lake: Implications of Ecological Significance. Water 2021, 13, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030283
Demertzioglou M, Antonopoulou E, Voutsa D, Kozari A, Moustaka-Gouni M, Michaloudi E. MAPKs and HSPs’ Activation of a Natural Daphnia magna Population in a Man-Perturbed Lake: Implications of Ecological Significance. Water. 2021; 13(3):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030283
Chicago/Turabian StyleDemertzioglou, Maria, Efthimia Antonopoulou, Dimitra Voutsa, Argyri Kozari, Maria Moustaka-Gouni, and Evangelia Michaloudi. 2021. "MAPKs and HSPs’ Activation of a Natural Daphnia magna Population in a Man-Perturbed Lake: Implications of Ecological Significance" Water 13, no. 3: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030283