Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability of Residential Water Use Responsiveness to Price Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Relationship between Water Use and Elasticity
3.2. Latent Class Analysis
3.3. Difference in Elasticity between the First Year and the Third Year after Revision
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tariff Revision | Basic Charge | Metered Charge (m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 2016 | −8 | 9–20 | 21–30 | 31–50 | 51–100 | 101–500 | 501~ |
Before (Yen) | 520 | 70 | 80 | 130 | 195 | 220 | 220 |
After (Yen) | 680 | 85 | 95 | 140 | 205 | 225 | 245 |
Tariff Revision | Min. | 1st Qu. | Median | Mean | 3rd Qu. | Max. | Std.Dev | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water use (m3/two months) | Before | 16 | 34 | 45.5 | 48.6 | 59.5 | 147.5 | 19.2 |
After | 16 | 34 | 44.7 | 47.9 | 58.7 | 136.7 | 19.0 | |
Marginal price [Yen/m3] (Price1) | Before | 70 | 70 | 80.0 | 89.4 | 80 | 195 | 25.6 |
After | 85 | 85 | 95.0 | 103.2 | 95 | 205 | 25.6 | |
Average Price [Yen/m3] (Price 2) | Before | 70.1 | 73.1 | 75.0 | 78.2 | 78.8 | 137.5 | 8.5 |
After | 69.0 | 91.8 | 93.1 | 96.0 | 96.3 | 145.5 | 7.0 | |
Average Temperature [°C] | Before | 4.7 | 9.4 | 16.1 | 15.7 | 22.3 | 26.8 | 7.6 |
After | 3.9 | 8.2 | 16.8 | 16.0 | 22.3 | 27.9 | 7.8 |
Even-Numbered Months | Odd-Numbered Months | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class ID | 2 | 1 | 0 | Class ID | 2 | 1 | 0 |
share | 0.06 | 0.59 | 0.35 | share | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.55 |
mean | −0.55 | −0.09 | 0.00 | mean | −0.61 | −0.16 | 0.00 |
std. error | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | std. error | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
weighted mean | −0.10 | weighted mean | −0.11 | ||||
Number of samples | 69,027 | number of samples | 57,318 | ||||
BIC | 115,700 | BIC | 148,175 | ||||
BIC for lm | 122,283 | BIC for lm | 151,989 |
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Tanishita, M.; Sunaga, D. Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability of Residential Water Use Responsiveness to Price Change. Water 2021, 13, 2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172329
Tanishita M, Sunaga D. Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability of Residential Water Use Responsiveness to Price Change. Water. 2021; 13(17):2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172329
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanishita, Masayoshi, and Daisuke Sunaga. 2021. "Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability of Residential Water Use Responsiveness to Price Change" Water 13, no. 17: 2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172329