Preparation and Characterization of High-Efficiency Magnetic Heavy Metal Capture Flocculants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation Method of MF@AA
2.3. Characterization Method of MF@AA
2.4. Coagulation Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MF@AA Characterization
3.2. Synthesis Parameters Affecting Cu Removal Capacity
3.2.1. Effect of AMPS Content on MF@AA Flocculation Performance
3.2.2. Effect of Total Monomer Concentration on MF@AA Flocculation Performance
3.2.3. Effect of Photoinitiator Concentration on MF@AA Flocculation Performance
3.2.4. Effect of Reaction Time on MF@AA Flocculation Performance
3.3. Response Surface Optimization of MF@AA Synthesis
3.3.1. Experimental Design
3.3.2. Response Surface Analysis
3.3.3. Response Surface Variance Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kang, J.; Kim, T.; Park, J.W.; Lee, K.; Park, D.H.; Park, S.; Kim, S.; Jung, Y. A Mesoporous Chelating Polymer-Carbon Composite for the Hyper-Efficient Separation of Heavy Metal Ions. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2020, 20, 3042–3046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, T.; Xu, K.; Wu, J.; Liu, Q.; Lin, Y.; Gu, M.; Tian, F.; Pan, W.; Wu, J.; Xiao, Y. Constructing 2D BiOIO3/MoS2 Z-scheme heterojunction wrapped by C500 as charge carriers transfer channel: Enhanced photocatalytic activity on gas-phase heavy metal oxidation. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2020, 562, 429–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.; Li, J.; Yan, T.; Zhu, R.; Yan, L.; Pei, Z. Adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) by Fe3O4-ZnAl-layered double hydroxide/TiO2 composites. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2020, 562, 493–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiong, W.; Yin, C.; Wang, Y.; Lin, S.; Deng, Z.; Liang, R. Characterization of an efficient estrogen-degrading bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SJTH1 in saline-, alkaline-, heavy metal-contained environments or solid soil and identification of four 17beta-estradiol-oxidizing dehydrogenases. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 385, 121616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, Y.; Wu, H.; Wang, W.; Jia, M.; Che, X. Pretreatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and preparation of solid waste source sulphoaluminate cementitious material. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 385, 121580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shafiq, M.; Alazba, A.A.; Amin, M.T. Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater using Date Palm as a Biosorbent: A Comparative Review. Sains Malays. 2018, 47, 35–49. [Google Scholar]
- Wei, H.; Gao, B.Q.; Ren, J.; Li, A.M.; Yang, H. Coagulation/flocculation in dewatering of sludge: A review. Water Res. 2018, 143, 608–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, X.M.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, S.X.; Zheng, H.L.; Tan, X.M. Recent Progress on Graft Polymerization of Natural Polymer Flocculants: Synthesis Method, Mechanism and Characteristic. Mini-Rev. Org. Chem. 2018, 15, 227–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salehizadeh, H.; Yan, N.; Farnood, R. Recent advances in polysaccharide bio-based flocculants. Biotechnol. Adv. 2018, 36, 92–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, X.; Yang, B.; Feng, L.; Zheng, H.; Zeng, G.; Wu, P. Research Progress of Natural Polymers in Wastewater Treatment. Mini-Rev. Org. Chem. 2019, 16, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desbrières, J.; Guibal, E. Chitosan for wastewater treatment. Polym. Int. 2018, 67, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teh, C.Y.; Budiman, P.M.; Shak, K.; Wu, T.Y. Recent Advancement of Coagulation-Flocculation and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 4363–4389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.S.; Robinson, J.; Chong, M.F. A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Saf. Environ. 2014, 92, 489–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, W.; Zhou, S.; Sun, Y.; Xu, Y. Synthesis and evaluation of cationic flocculant P(DAC-PAPTAC-AM) for flocculation of coal chemical wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. 2021, 99, 239–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiao, X.; Yu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zheng, X.; Chen, A. Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions by chitosan-based magnetic composite flocculants. J. Environ. Sci. 2021, 108, 22–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Yu, Y.; Zheng, X.; Chen, A.; Zheng, H. Magnetic flocculation of Cu(II) wastewater by chitosan-based magnetic composite flocculants with recyclable properties. Carbohyd. Polym. 2021, 261, 117891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, X.; Sun, Y.; Liu, J.; Zheng, H. Flocculation of heavy metal by functionalized starch-based bioflocculants: Characterization and process evaluation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021, 267, 118628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Zhou, S.; Pan, S.; Zhu, S.; Yu, Y.; Zheng, H. Performance evaluation and optimization of flocculation process for removing heavy metal. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 385, 123911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Zhou, S.; Sun, W.; Zhu, S.; Zheng, H. Flocculation activity and evaluation of chitosan-based flocculant CMCTS-g-P(AM-CA) for heavy metal removal. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020, 241, 116737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, P.; Yi, J.; Feng, L.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Liu, Z.; Tian, S.; Li, S.; Khan, S.; Sun, Y. Microwave assisted preparation and characterization of a chitosan based flocculant for the application and evaluation of sludge flocculation and dewatering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 155, 708–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Sun, W.; Shah, K.J.; Chiang, P.; Zheng, H. Characterization and flocculation evaluation of a novel carboxylated chitosan modified flocculant by UV initiated polymerization. Carbohyd. Polym. 2019, 208, 213–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, X.; Huang, T.; Zhang, S.; Zheng, J.; Zheng, H. Synthesis of an amphoteric chitosan-based flocculant and its flocculation performance in the treatment of dissolved organic matter from drinking water. Desalin. Water Treat. 2020, 174, 171–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Shah, K.J.; Sun, W.; Zheng, H. Performance evaluation of chitosan-based flocculants with good pH resistance and high heavy metals removal capacity. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2019, 215, 208–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.; Yu, C.; Wei, L.; Fan, Q.; Ma, F.; Zeng, J.; Yi, J.; Yang, K.; Ji, H. Fabrication and characterization of ZnTiO3/Zn2Ti3O8/ZnO ternary photocatalyst for synergetic removal of aqueous organic pollutants and Cr(VI) ions. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 706, 136026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bornillo, K.A.S.; Kim, S.; Choi, H. Cu (II) removal using electrospun dual-responsive polyethersulfone-poly (dimethyl amino) ethyl methacrylate (PES-PDMAEMA) blend nanofibers. Chemosphere 2020, 242, 125287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Louati, I.; Elloumi-Mseddi, J.; Cheikhrouhou, W.; Hadrich, B.; Nasri, M.; Aifa, S.; Woodward, S.; Mechichi, T. Simultaneous cleanup of Reactive Black 5 and cadmium by a desert soil bacterium. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 2020, 190, 110103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsedenbal, B.; Hussain, I.; Lee, J.E.; Koo, B.H. Removal of Lead Contaminants with gamma-Fe2O3 Nanocrystals. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2020, 12, 422–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Ma, J.; Yuan, Y. Enhanced Adsorption of Chromium by Stabilized Ca/Al-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Decorated with Ferric Nanoparticles. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2020, 12, 441–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, H.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, C.; Guo, J.; Zhao, C.; Liao, Y.; Guan, Q. UV-initiated polymerization of hydrophobically associating cationic flocculants: Synthesis, characterization, and dewatering properties. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 234, 318–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, H.; Sun, Y.; Guo, J.; Li, F.; Fan, W.; Liao, Y.; Guan, Q. Characterization and Evaluation of Dewatering Properties of PADB, a Highly Efficient Cationic Flocculant. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 2572–2582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Ren, M.; Zhu, C.; Xu, Y.; Zheng, H.; Xiao, X.; Wu, H.; Xia, T.; You, Z. UV-Initiated Graft Copolymerization of Cationic Chitosan-Based Flocculants for Treatment of Zinc Phosphate-Contaminated Wastewater. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 10025–10035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Zhu, C.; Zheng, H.; Sun, W.; Xu, Y.; Xiao, X.; You, Z.; Liu, C. Characterization and coagulation behavior of polymeric aluminum ferric silicate for high-concentration oily wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2017, 119, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Zhu, C.; Sun, W.; Xu, Y.; Xiao, X.; Zheng, H.; Wu, H.; Liu, C. Plasma-initiated polymerization of chitosan-based CS-g-P(AM-DMDAAC) flocculant for the enhanced flocculation of low-algal-turbidity water. Carbohyd. Polym. 2017, 164, 222–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, J.R.; Zheng, H.L.; Jiang, Z.Z.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, L.W.; Sun, Y.J.; Tshukudu, T. Synthesis and characterization of a dewatering reagent: Cationic polyacrylamide (P(AM-DMC-DAC)) for activated sludge dewatering treatment. Desalin. Water Treat. 2013, 51, 2791–2801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, G.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, Z.; Tshukudu, T.; Zhang, P.; Xiang, X. Characterization and coagulation-flocculation behavior of polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS). Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 178, 50–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, G.; Zheng, H.; Chen, W.; Fan, W.; Zhang, P.; Tshukudu, T. Preparation of a composite coagulant: Polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS) for wastewater treatment. Desalination 2012, 285, 315–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ingredient | Unit | Lower Limit | Upper Limit |
---|---|---|---|
Iron component | g | 0.81 | 3.06 |
CMFS | g | 2.34 | 6.84 |
AM | g | 5.85 | 10.35 |
AMPS | g | 0.50 | 3.75 |
Sum of | Mean | F | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Squares | Df | Square | Value | Prob > F |
Model | 2350.05 | 14 | 167.8607 | 15.49098 | <0.0001 |
A-Fe component | 59.08852 | 1 | 59.08852 | 5.452967 | 0.0338 |
B-CMFS | 192.157 | 1 | 192.157 | 17.73316 | 0.0008 |
C-AM | 293.3703 | 1 | 293.3703 | 27.0736 | 0.0001 |
D-AMPS | 44.89633 | 1 | 44.89633 | 4.143245 | 0.0599 |
AB | 81.94776 | 1 | 81.94776 | 7.562526 | 0.0149 |
AC | 5.700156 | 1 | 5.700156 | 0.526037 | 0.4794 |
AD | 30.55326 | 1 | 30.55326 | 2.819599 | 0.1138 |
BC | 90.01266 | 1 | 90.01266 | 8.306793 | 0.0114 |
BD | 47.09391 | 1 | 47.09391 | 4.346048 | 0.0546 |
CD | 4.192256 | 1 | 4.192256 | 0.386881 | 0.5433 |
A^2 | 32.2143 | 1 | 32.2143 | 2.972887 | 0.1052 |
B^2 | 515.1256 | 1 | 515.1256 | 47.53822 | <0.0001 |
C^2 | 264.2703 | 1 | 264.2703 | 24.38811 | 0.0002 |
D^2 | 749.7637 | 1 | 749.7637 | 69.19173 | <0.0001 |
Residual | 162.5405 | 15 | 10.83603 | ||
Lack of Fit | 162.5405 | 10 | 16.25405 | ||
Pure Error | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhou, J.; Chen, A.; Shah, K.J. Preparation and Characterization of High-Efficiency Magnetic Heavy Metal Capture Flocculants. Water 2021, 13, 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131732
Yu Y, Sun Y, Zhou J, Chen A, Shah KJ. Preparation and Characterization of High-Efficiency Magnetic Heavy Metal Capture Flocculants. Water. 2021; 13(13):1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131732
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Yuanyuan, Yongjun Sun, Jun Zhou, Aowen Chen, and Kinjal J. Shah. 2021. "Preparation and Characterization of High-Efficiency Magnetic Heavy Metal Capture Flocculants" Water 13, no. 13: 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131732