Physiological Responses of the Submerged Macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata to High Salinity and Irradiance Stress to Assess Eutrophication Management and Climatic Effects: An Integrative Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3. Chlorophyll-a Fluorescence Measurements
2.4. Chlorophyll (a, b) Content
2.5. Relative Growth Rate
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Measurements
4.2. Chlorophyll Content
4.3. Relative Growth Rate
4.4. Redundancy Analysis (RDA)
5. Discussion
5.1. Irradiance Effects
5.2. Interactive Effects between Irradiance and Salinity
5.3. Interactive Effects with Time
5.4. Stuckenia pectinata in Vistonis Lake
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DATA EXTRACTED FROM THE RECORDED FLUORESCENCE TRANSIENT OJIP | |
Ft (or, simply, F) | fluorescence at time t after onset of actinic illumination |
F20μs | minimal reliable recorded fluorescence, at 20 μs |
F50μs | fluorescence at 50 μs (for the calculation of the slopes) |
F100μs | fluorescence at 100 μs |
F300μs | fluorescence at 300 μs |
FJ ≡ F2ms | fluorescence at the J-step (2 ms) of OJIP |
FI ≡ F30ms | fluorescence at the I-step (30 ms) of OJIP |
FP | maximal recorded fluorescence, at the peak P of OJIP |
BASIC PARAMETERS CALCULATED FROM THE EXTRACTED DATA | |
F0 ≅ F20μs | fluorescence when all PSII RCs are open (≅ to the minimal reliable recorded fluorescence) |
FM (= FP) | maximal fluorescence, when all PSII RCs are closed (= FP when the actinic light intensity is above 500 [μmol(photon) m−2 s−1]) |
Vt ≡ (Ft − F0)/(FM − F0) | relative variable fluorescence at time t |
M0 and M0’ ≡ [(ΔF/Δt)0]/(FM − F0) | approximated initial slopes (in ms−1) of the Vt = f(t) kinetics |
M0 ≡ 4 × [( F300μs − F50μs)/(FM − F0)]/(Δt)0 M0’ ≡ 20 × [( F100μs − F50μs)/(FM − F0)]/(Δt)0 | with (Δt)0 = (300 − 50) μs = 0.25 ms with (Δt)0 = (100 − 50) μs = 0.05 ms |
BIOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM THE BASIC PARAMETERS BY THE JIP-TEST | |
Quantum yields and efficiencies/probabilities | |
φPt ≡ TRt/ABS = [1 − (Ft/FM)] = ΔFt/FM | quantum yield for primary photochemistry, leading to QA reduction (i.e. trapped energy flux TR per absorption flux ABS), at any time t |
φP0 ≡ TR0/ABS = [1 − (F0/FM)] | maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry |
φE0 ≡ ET0/ABS = [1 − (F0/FM)] × (1 − VJ) | quantum yield for electron transport (ET) further than QA− |
φR0 ≡ RE0/ABS = [1 − (F0/FM)] × (1 − VI) | quantum yield for reduction of end electron acceptors (RE) at the PSI acceptor side |
ψE0 ≡ ET0/TR0 = (1 − VJ) | efficiency/probability that an electron moves further than QA− |
δR0 ≡ RE0/ET0 = (1 − VI)/(1 − VJ) | efficiency/probability that an electron from the intersystem electron carriers is transferred to reduce end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side |
Specific energy flux (per active, i.e., per QA-reducing PSII reaction centre - RC), in ms−1 | |
TR0/RC = M0 × (1/VJ) | trapped energy flux, per RC |
DI0/RC = ABS/RC − TR0/RC | specific energy flux for dissipation per RC |
Density of active RCs | |
RC/ABS = (TR0/ABS) × (TR0/RC)−1 | RCs per PSII antenna Chl a |
ABS/RC = M0 × (1/VJ) × (1/φP0) | absorption flux (exciting PSII antenna Chl a molecules) per RC (also used as a unit-less measure of PSII apparent antenna size) |
Energetic connectivity of PSII units | |
M0/M0’ | grouping or connectivity among PSII units (the higher is the ratio indicate the less of connectivity) |
Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 | Axis 4 | |
φP0 | −0.829 | −0.165 | −0.521 | 0.011 |
TR0/RC | 0.214 | 0.468 | 0.025 | 0.220 |
DI0/RC | 0.881 | 0.177 | 0.423 | 0.023 |
RC/ABS | −0.803 | −0.279 | −0.471 | −0.052 |
ABS/RC | 0.811 | 0.266 | 0.492 | 0.044 |
M0’/M0 | 0.750 | 0.301 | 0.398 | 0.198 |
φR0 | −0.386 | −0.297 | −0.235 | −0.699 |
φE0 | −0.889 | −0.167 | −0.398 | −0.066 |
ψE0 | −0.892 | −0.168 | −0.334 | −0.101 |
δR0 | 0.827 | 0.026 | 0.350 | −0.345 |
Chl a | 0.331 | −0.936 | 0.042 | 0.021 |
Chl b | 0.410 | −0.896 | 0.135 | 0.026 |
Chl a/b | −0.365 | −0.037 | −0.379 | −0.021 |
RGR | 0.285 | −0.076 | 0.136 | −0.768 |
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Malea, L.; Nakou, K.; Papadimitriou, A.; Exadactylos, A.; Orfanidis, S. Physiological Responses of the Submerged Macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata to High Salinity and Irradiance Stress to Assess Eutrophication Management and Climatic Effects: An Integrative Approach. Water 2021, 13, 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121706
Malea L, Nakou K, Papadimitriou A, Exadactylos A, Orfanidis S. Physiological Responses of the Submerged Macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata to High Salinity and Irradiance Stress to Assess Eutrophication Management and Climatic Effects: An Integrative Approach. Water. 2021; 13(12):1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121706
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalea, Lamprini, Konstantinia Nakou, Apostolos Papadimitriou, Athanasios Exadactylos, and Sotiris Orfanidis. 2021. "Physiological Responses of the Submerged Macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata to High Salinity and Irradiance Stress to Assess Eutrophication Management and Climatic Effects: An Integrative Approach" Water 13, no. 12: 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121706