Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Catchment-Capacity Simulation Experiment
2.1.1. Swale Identification Experiment
2.1.2. SCS-CN-Based Flood-Submerging Simulation Experiment
2.1.3. Catchment-Capacity Calculation
2.2. Rainwater Storage Capacity Assessment
2.3. Ratio of Green Space Calculation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experiment and Assessment Results
3.2. Experimental Results and Analysis
- ①
- When the rainwater storage capacity was the same, most areas within the flood-submerged areas often had lower green coverage than those outside the flood-submerged areas. This shows that increasing the proportion of green space can effectively reduce urban flood.
- ②
- A few areas with greater rainwater storage capacity and green coverage were within the flood-submerged areas because the rainwater collected exceeded the infiltration speed of the green space.
- ③
- There were also areas with greater rainwater storage capacity and smaller green coverage not within the submerged areas or areas with smaller rainwater storage capacity and greater green coverage within the submerged areas. This was caused by experiment errors.
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Data | Source |
---|---|
Digital Elevation Data at a Resolution Rate of GDEMDEM 30 m in Wuhan | Geographical Information Monitoring Cloud Platform (China). |
Surface Runoff Coefficient CN | National Land Use Type Classification. Please refer to Table A2 for details (China). |
Rainstorm Intensity on Extreme Days P | 24-h rainfall for the return periods of 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 20 years, 30 years, 50 years, and 100 years of Wuhan in Wuhan Water Resource Communique 2017 |
Vector Data on Land Use | The lands are classified into 6 Class I use types (arable land, woodland, grassland, water bodies, construction land, and unused land) and 25 Class II use types (woodland, shrub wood, open forest land, other types of woodland, and grassland with high, medium, and low coverage, etc.) based on the national land use digital products produced by Landsat 30 m remote sensing in accordance with the LUCC classification system established by Li Jiyuan et al. when developing the China LUCC Temporal-Spatial Platform in the 20th Century. |
Class I | Class II | CN | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Type | No. | Type | |
1 | Arable land | 11 | Rice field | 1 |
12 | Dry land | 0.15 | ||
2 | Woodland | 21 | Forested land | 0.1 |
22 | Shrub wood | 0.1 | ||
23 | Open forest land | 0.1 | ||
24 | Others | 0.1 | ||
3 | Grassland | 31 | Grassland with large coverage | 0.2 |
32 | Grassland with medium coverage | 0.2 | ||
33 | Grassland with small coverage | 0.2 | ||
4 | Water bodies | 41 | Rivers and canals | 1 |
42 | Lakes | 1 | ||
43 | Reservoirs, ponds, and pools | 1 | ||
44 | Permanent glacier and snow | |||
45 | Mud flats | 1 | ||
46 | Bottomland | 1 | ||
5 | Urban-rural construction land, industrial and mining land, and residential land | 51 | Urban land | 0.75 |
52 | Rural settlements | 0.4 | ||
53 | Construction land for other purposes | 0.6 | ||
6 | Unused land | 61 | Sand | 0.25 |
62 | Gobi | 0.25 | ||
63 | Saline-alkali land | 0.25 | ||
64 | Wetland | 1 | ||
65 | Barren earth | 0.25 | ||
66 | Barren rock surface | 0.6 | ||
67 | Others |
No. | Type | 1-Year Return Period | 5-Year Return Period | 10-Year Return Period | 20-Year Return Period | 50-Year Return Period | 100-Year Return Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 303 | 344 |
CN | 81.519 | 81.519 | 81.519 | 81.519 | 81.519 | 81.519 | |
S (mm) | 57.5838 | 57.5838 | 57.5838 | 57.5838 | 57.5838 | 57.5838 | |
Q (mm) | 92.7348 | 159.7191 | 202.7144 | 246.7113 | 300.7087 | 341.7073 | |
Drainage area (m2) | 477,686,464 | 477,686,464 | 477,686,464 | 477,686,464 | 477,686,464 | 477,686,464 | |
Flood volume (m3) | 44,298,165 | 76,295,689 | 96,833,966 | 117,850,674 | 143,644,497 | 163,228,957 | |
12 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 303 | 344 |
CN | 63.8694 | 63.8694 | 63.8694 | 63.8694 | 63.8694 | 63.8694 | |
S (mm) | 143.6865 | 143.6865 | 143.6865 | 143.6865 | 143.6865 | 143.6865 | |
Q (mm) | 89.4846 | 156.3908 | 199.3623 | 243.3432 | 297.3273 | 338.3184 | |
Drainage area (m2) | 81,160,950 | 81,160,950 | 81,160,950 | 81,160,950 | 81,160,950 | 81,160,950 | |
Flood volume (m3) | 7,262,659 | 12,692,831 | 16,180,440 | 19,749,971 | 24,131,366 | 27,458,250 | |
13 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 303 | 344 |
CN | 67.2196 | 67.2196 | 67.2196 | 67.2196 | 67.2196 | 67.2196 | |
S (mm) | 123.8659 | 123.8659 | 123.8659 | 123.8659 | 123.8659 | 123.8659 | |
Q (mm) | 90.2187 | 157.1484 | 200.1272 | 244.1129 | 298.1010 | 339.0944 | |
Drainage area (m2) | 278,770,265 | 278,770,265 | 278,770,265 | 278,770,265 | 278,770,265 | 278,770,265 | |
Flood volume (m3) | 25,150,312 | 43,808,326 | 55,789,512 | 68,051,425 | 83,101,699 | 94,529,448 | |
14 | P(mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 303 | 344 |
CN | 73.4135 | 73.4135 | 73.4135 | 73.4135 | 73.4135 | 73.4135 | |
S (mm) | 91.9854 | 91.9854 | 91.9854 | 91.9854 | 91.9854 | 91.9854 | |
Q (mm) | 91.4170 | 158.3777 | 201.3659 | 245.3579 | 299.3513 | 340.3477 | |
Drainage area (m2) | 100,142,226 | 100,142,226 | 100,142,226 | 100,142,226 | 100,142,226 | 100,142,226 | |
Flood volume (m3) | 9,154,707 | 15,860,300 | 20,165,229 | 24,570,693 | 29,977,711 | 34,083,178 | |
15 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 303 | 344 |
CN | 73.0794 | 73.0794 | 73.0794 | 73.0794 | 73.0794 | 73.0794 | |
S (mm) | 93.5671 | 93.5671 | 93.5671 | 93.5671 | 93.5671 | 93.5671 | |
Q (mm) | 91.3570 | 158.3164 | 201.3041 | 245.2959 | 299.2891 | 340.2853 | |
Drainage area (m2) | 182,403,969 | 182,403,969 | 182,403,969 | 182,403,969 | 182,403,969 | 182,403,969 | |
Flood volume (m3) | 16,663,895 | 28,877,548 | 36,718,684 | 44,742,962 | 54,591,529 | 62,069,405 | |
16 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 303 | 344 |
CN | 78.8657 | 78.8657 | 78.8657 | 78.8657 | 78.8657 | 78.8657 | |
S (mm) | 68.0665 | 68.0665 | 68.0665 | 68.0665 | 68.0665 | 68.06650 | |
Q (mm) | 92.3305 | 159.3087 | 202.3022 | 246.2978 | 300.2942 | 341.2922 | |
Drainage area (m2) | 293,267,090 | 293,267,090 | 293,267,090 | 293,267,090 | 293,267,090 | 293,267,090 | |
Flood volume (m3) | 27,077,500 | 46,720,017 | 59,328,586 | 72,231,058 | 88,066,414 | 100,089,778 | |
17 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 344 | |
CN | 81.3199 | 81.3199 | 81.3199 | 81.3199 | 81.3199 | ||
S (mm) | 58.3466 | 58.3466 | 58.3466 | 58.3466 | 58.3466 | ||
Q (mm) | 92.7053 | 159.6892 | 202.6844 | 246.6812 | 341.6770 | ||
Drainage area (m2) | 19,719,894 | 19,719,894 | 19,719,894 | 19,719,894 | 19,719,894 | ||
Flood volume (m3) | 1,828,138 | 3,149,055 | 3,996,915 | 4,864,527 | 0 | 6,737,835 | |
18 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 344 | |
CN | 69.8384 | 69.8384 | 69.8384 | 69.8384 | 69.8384 | ||
S (mm) | 109.6967 | 109.6967 | 109.6967 | 109.6967 | 109.6967 | ||
Q (mm) | 90.74866 | 157.6931 | 200.6764 | 244.6652 | 339.6506 | ||
Drainage area (m2) | 748,159,926 | 748,159,926 | 748159,926 | 748,159,926 | 748,159,926 | ||
Flood volume (m3) | 67,894,515 | 117,979,732 | 150,138,065 | 183,048,699 | 0 | 254,113,019 | |
19 | P (mm) | 95 | 162 | 205 | 249 | 344 | |
CN | 73.6103 | 73.6103 | 73.6103 | 73.6103 | 73.6103 | ||
S (mm) | 91.0604 | 91.0604 | 91.0604 | 91.0604 | 91.0604 | ||
Q (mm) | 91.4521 | 158.4136 | 201.4020 | 245.3942 | 340.3841 | ||
Drainage area (m2) | 453,176,540 | 453,176,540 | 453,176,540 | 453,176,540 | 453,176,540 | ||
Flood volume (m3) | 41,443,968 | 71,789,334 | 91,270,661 | 111,206,907 | 0 | 154,254,124 |
No. | 1-Year Return Period | 5-Year Return Period | 10-Year Return Period | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface Runoff (Mm) | Flood Volume (M3) | Flood Elevation (M) | Surface Runoff (Mm) | Flood Volume (M3) | Flood Elevation (M) | Surface Runoff(Mm) | Flood Volume (M3) | Flood Elevation (M) | |
8 | 92.735 | 44,298,165,157 | 18.683 | 159.719 | 76,295,689,051 | 19.339 | 202.714 | 96,833,966.441 | 19.690 |
12 | 89.485 | 7,262,659,118 | 18.641 | 156.391 | 12,692,831,670 | 19.734 | 199.362 | 16,180,440.776 | 20.381 |
13 | 90.219 | 25,150,312,969 | 18.541 | 157.148 | 43,808,326,252 | 19.165 | 200.127 | 55,789,512.965 | 19.528 |
14 | 91.417 | 9,154,707,467 | 17.902 | 158.378 | 15,860,300,683 | 19.089 | 201.366 | 20,165,229.782 | 19.709 |
15 | 91.357 | 16,663,895,540 | 20.088 | 158.316 | 28,877,548,772 | 20.436 | 201.304 | 36,718,684.104 | 20.658 |
16 | 92.331 | 27,077,500,567 | 19.301 | 159.309 | 46,720,017,924 | 19.827 | 202.302 | 59,328,586.716 | 20.119 |
17 | 92.705 | 1,828,138,883 | 18.707 | 159.689 | 3,149,055,339 | 19.233 | 202.684 | 3,996,915.852 | 19.550 |
18 | 90.749 | 67,894,515,627 | 20.526 | 157.693 | 117,979,732,158 | 21.221 | 200.676 | 150,138,065.625 | 21.549 |
19 | 91.452 | 41,443,968,539 | 18.74 | 158.414 | 71,789,334,635 | 19.238 | 201.402 | 91,270,661.982 | 19.511 |
No. | 20-Year Return Period | 50-Year Return Period | 100-Year Return Period | ||||||
Surface Runoff (mm) | Flood Volume (m3) | Flood Elevation (m) | Surface Runoff (mm) | Flood Volume (m3) | Flood Elevation (m) | Surface Runoff (mm) | Flood Volume (m3) | Flood Elevation (m) | |
8 | 246.711 | 11,785,0674,343 | 20.017 | 300.709 | 143,644,497,809 | 20.315 | 341.707 | 163,228,957,129 | 20.538 |
12 | 243.343 | 19,749,971,050 | 20.97 | 297.327 | 24,131,366,380 | 21.511 | 338.318 | 27,458,250,099 | 21.89 |
13 | 244.113 | 68,051,425,946 | 19.886 | 298.101 | 83,101,699,609 | 20.274 | 339.094 | 94,529,448,899 | 20.556 |
14 | 245.358 | 24,570,693,624 | 20.237 | 299.351 | 29,977,711,937 | 20.795 | 340.348 | 34,083,178,465 | 21.133 |
15 | 245.296 | 44,742,962,683 | 20.881 | 299.289 | 54,591,529,940 | 21.133 | 340.285 | 62,069,405,427 | 21.317 |
16 | 246.298 | 72,231,058,133 | 20.385 | 300.294 | 88,066,414,701 | 20.706 | 341.292 | 100,089,778,212 | 20.942 |
17 | 246.681 | 4,864,527,785 | 19.866 | 300.679 | 5,929,349,292 | 20.217 | 341.677 | 6,737,835,900 | 20.471 |
18 | 244.665 | 183,048,699,778 | 21.866 | 298.656 | 223,442,326,941 | 22.155 | 339.651 | 254,113,019,597 | 22.342 |
19 | 245.394 | 11,120,6907,245 | 19.791 | 299.388 | 135675504,457 | 20.101 | 340.384 | 154,254,124,751 | 20.324 |
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Green Coverage | Runoff Coefficient | Green Coverage | Runoff Coefficient | Green Coverage | Runoff Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
95–100 | 0.2–0.24 | 60–65 | 0.46–0.50 | 25–30 | 0.73–0.76 |
90–95 | 0.24–0.28 | 55–60 | 0.50–0.54 | 20–25 | 0.76–0.80 |
85–90 | 0.28–0.31 | 50–55 | 0.54–0.58 | 15–20 | 0.80–0.84 |
80–85 | 0.31–0.35 | 45–50 | 0.58–0.61 | 10–15 | 0.84–0.88 |
75–80 | 0.35–0.39 | 40–45 | 0.61–0.65 | 5–10 | 0.88–0.91 |
70–75 | 0.39–0.43 | 35–40 | 0.65–0.69 | 0–5 | 0.91–0.95 |
65–70 | 0.43–0.46 | 30–35 | 0.69–0.73 | 0 | 0.95 |
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Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, J.; Li, P.; Yang, L. Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan. Water 2021, 13, 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111517
Liu Y, Zhou Y, Yu J, Li P, Yang L. Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan. Water. 2021; 13(11):1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111517
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yajing, Yan Zhou, Jianing Yu, Pengcheng Li, and Liuqi Yang. 2021. "Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan" Water 13, no. 11: 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111517
APA StyleLiu, Y., Zhou, Y., Yu, J., Li, P., & Yang, L. (2021). Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan. Water, 13(11), 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111517