Perceptions of Drinking Water Service of the ‘Off-Grid’ Community in Cimahi, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Cimahi City
3.2. Cross-Sectional Survey
3.3. Analysis
- ATP: Ability-to-pay (per m3 of water)
- It: Total household income per month
- Pp: % of water expenditure from non-food expenditure per month
- Tt : Total household water use per month, m3/month
- EWTP: Estimated value of WTP
- Wi: Value of WTP i
- Pfi: Relative frequency
4. Respondent Profile
5. Results
5.1. Access, Quality, Quantity, Continuity, and Affordability of Water Supply
5.2. Knowledge and Perception of the ‘Off-Grid’ Community
- for low-income households
- for middle-income households
- for high-income households
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Questionnaire Items | Category |
---|---|
Drinking water can be consumed without treatment | Knowledge |
Water quality must be tested first and meet the health requirements before it can be consumed | Knowledge |
Water that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless has good quality | Knowledge |
The quality of water used to meet daily needs does not affect human health | Knowledge |
Various water sources available in nature have begun to deteriorate due to environmental pollution | Knowledge |
The use of groundwater with boreholes/artesian wells to meet water needs can damage the environment | Knowledge |
All Indonesian people have the same right to get water in sufficient quantities and of good quality | Knowledge |
The government is obliged to provide drinking water for all Indonesian people | Knowledge |
Waste that is disposed of in water bodies does not affect the production process carried out by the municipal water company | Knowledge |
The community can receive water access from the government for free without being charged a fee | Knowledge |
A quality drinking water supply system can be implemented if the community actively participates in the system | Knowledge |
I believe that water quality will affect human health | ATB |
I believe that I must participate in the drinking water supply system to meet my daily water needs (bathing, washing, cooking, drinking, etc.) | ATB |
I believe that the solid waste problem will affect the quality of the water I use to meet my daily water needs (bathing, washing, cooking, drinking, etc.) | ATB |
I believe that to get good quality water in sufficient quantities to meet daily needs (bathing, washing, cooking, drinking, etc.) costs money. | ATB |
I believe community participation is needed in drinking water programs | ATB |
I believe that new water service from community-based supply is superior in term of quality/quantity/affordability compared to my existing water sources. | ATB |
I will dispose of solid waste in its designated place if people around me (family, neighbors, friends) do the same | SN |
I will dispose of solid waste in its designated place if I get advice from community leaders (religious leaders, heads of neighborhood, etc.) | SN |
I will pay the water fees even though the price increases if the people around me (family, neighbors, and friends) do the same. | SN |
I will pay water fees even though the price increases if I get advice from local community leaders (religious leaders, heads of neighborhood, etc.) | SN |
I will participate in water supply program if the people around me (family, neighbors, and friends) do the same. | SN |
I will participate in water supply program if I get advice from local community leaders (religious leaders, heads of neighborhood, etc.) | SN |
I will switch to a new water supply service from the community-based supply if the people around me (family, neighbors, and friends) do the same. | SN |
I will switch to a new water supply service from the community-based supply if I get advice from local community leaders (religious leaders, heads of neighborhood, etc.) | SN |
I can provide waste containers at my house to dispose of solid waste in its designated place | PBC |
I will dispose of solid waste in its designated place if there are officers who take away solid waste from my house regularly | PBC |
I have enough time to participate in water supply programs | PBC |
I have enough money to participate in water supply programs | PBC |
I will switch to a new water supply service from the community-based supply if the quality/quantity were acceptable or if it were affordable | PBC |
I will not throw garbage or waste into water bodies | I |
I will pay water retribution even though the tariff increases | I |
I will participate in water supply program, in-kind or in cash | I |
I will switch to a new water supply service from the community-based supply if such sources were available | I |
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Attribute | Responses |
---|---|
Gender | Male = 56%; Female = 44% |
Age | <20 = 14%; 21–30 = 27%; 31–40 = 17%; 41–50 = 20%; 51–60 = 19%; 61–70 = 3% |
Education | Primary school = 3%; junior high school = 11%; high school = 47%; diploma = 10%; undergraduate = 25%; postgraduate = 4% |
Income | Low (<IDR 3,241,929 or <USD 233.17) = 45%; Middle (IDR 3,421,930–IDR 6,483,858 or USD 223.17–USD 471.12) = 32%; High (>IDR 5,483,858 or > USD 471.12) = 23% |
Status | Head of household = 41%; Household member = 59% |
Income | Number of Households, % |
---|---|
Low | 40 out of 45 households, 88.9 |
Middle | 24 out of 32 households, 75 |
High | 2 out of 23 households, 8.6 |
Income | ATB | SN | PBC | I |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | 4.11 | 3.49 | 4.08 | 4.02 |
Middle | 4.23 | 3.55 | 4.10 | 3.96 |
High | 4.09 | 3.77 | 4.08 | 4.09 |
Variable | R | R2 | Reg. Coeff | Constant | SE | SR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-Income Household | ||||||
ATB | 0.566 | 0.320 | 0.422 | 0.684 | 15.92% | 49.59% |
SN | 0.202 | 8.63% | 26.89% | |||
PBC | 0.219 | 7.55% | 23.52% | |||
Middle-Income Household | ||||||
ATB | 0.708 | 0.501 | 0.565 | −0.267 | 22.69% | 45.28% |
SN | 0.217 | 13.52% | 26.99% | |||
PBC | 0.285 | 13.90% | 27.74% | |||
High-Income Household | ||||||
ATB | 0.822 | 0.676 | 0.120 | 1.167 | 7.30% | 10.80% |
SN | −0.163 | −4.95% | −7.32% | |||
PBC | 0.745 | 65.24% | 96.52% |
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Share and Cite
Prayoga, R.; Nastiti, A.; Schindler, S.; Kusumah, S.W.D.; Sutadian, A.D.; Sundana, E.J.; Simatupang, E.; Wibowo, A.; Budiwantoro, B.; Sedighi, M. Perceptions of Drinking Water Service of the ‘Off-Grid’ Community in Cimahi, Indonesia. Water 2021, 13, 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101398
Prayoga R, Nastiti A, Schindler S, Kusumah SWD, Sutadian AD, Sundana EJ, Simatupang E, Wibowo A, Budiwantoro B, Sedighi M. Perceptions of Drinking Water Service of the ‘Off-Grid’ Community in Cimahi, Indonesia. Water. 2021; 13(10):1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101398
Chicago/Turabian StylePrayoga, Rizky, Anindrya Nastiti, Seth Schindler, Siska W. D. Kusumah, Arief D. Sutadian, Eka J. Sundana, Elivas Simatupang, Arie Wibowo, Bagus Budiwantoro, and Majid Sedighi. 2021. "Perceptions of Drinking Water Service of the ‘Off-Grid’ Community in Cimahi, Indonesia" Water 13, no. 10: 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101398
APA StylePrayoga, R., Nastiti, A., Schindler, S., Kusumah, S. W. D., Sutadian, A. D., Sundana, E. J., Simatupang, E., Wibowo, A., Budiwantoro, B., & Sedighi, M. (2021). Perceptions of Drinking Water Service of the ‘Off-Grid’ Community in Cimahi, Indonesia. Water, 13(10), 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101398