Pressure Regulation vs. Water Aging in Water Distribution Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Study Network
3. Hydraulic Model Simulation
- Scenario No1 (no DMAs_no PRVs): the base scenario with no DMAs formed and no PRVs installed;
- Scenario No2 (with DMAs_no PRVs): DMAs are formed based on well-known specific criteria (size, population served, topography, physical barriers etc.) [1] in the network by closing some pipes (pipe status = closed) in order to separate the entire network in several sub-areas. No PRVs were installed;
- Scenario No3 (with DMAs_with PRVs): a PRV is added in the entering node of each DMA to reduce the average pressure in it as much as possible. The reduction accomplished depends on the actual location (i.e., distance from the entering node) of the critical node in each DMA (i.e., the node with the lowest pressure) as, by law, the Water Utility has to supply water at a pressure of at least 200 kPa (same as 2 atm) measured at the level of the customer’s water meter.
3.1. Water Age Definition
3.2. First Step Analysis and Results
3.3. Water Age Reduction after Regulation of the PRVs
3.4. Proposed Formation of DMAs Based on Minimization of the Water Age
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenario No1: noDMAs_no PRVs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Critical Nodes Per DMA Based on the Water Pressure | |||||||
Pressure (kPa) | Age (h) | Demand (m3/h) | |||||
DMAs | Critical Node | Mean value per DMA | Mean value at critical node | Mean value per DMA | Mean value at critical node | MAX value at critical node | MAX value at critical node |
DMA 1a | J-135 | 460.09 | 401.93 | 13.49 | 15.59 | 22.16 | 20.26 |
DMA 1b | 14068 | 494.02 | 473.88 | 12.27 | 11.91 | 16.86 | 40.48 |
DMA 2 | 14049 | 484.01 | 457.19 | 9.76 | 12.97 | 18.03 | 37.14 |
DMA 3 | K-116 | 482.94 | 489.77 | 13.62 | 13.78 | 21.67 | 7.06 |
DMA 4 | 213 | 474.05 | 430.67 | 10.65 | 9.66 | 12.50 | 69.24 |
DMA 5 | 2996 | 500.15 | 492.57 | 15.88 | 13.24 | 20.85 | 32.1 |
Critical Nodes Per DMA Based on the Water Age | |||||||
DMA 1a | J-137 | 460.09 | 407.81 | 13.49 | 16.31 | 23.13 | 10.1 |
DMA 1b | 241 | 494.02 | 494.06 | 12.27 | 13.27 | 24.3 | 15.22 |
DMA 2 | 2515 | 484.01 | 503.87 | 9.76 | 21.77 | 33.65 | 1.76 |
DMA 3 | 2565 | 482.94 | 494.68 | 13.62 | 15.67 | 22.96 | 6.82 |
DMA 4 | K-66 | 474.05 | 487.68 | 10.65 | 17.17 | 22.33 | 16.92 |
DMA 5 | 4656 | 500.15 | 497.14 | 15.88 | 20.65 | 33.9 | 3.32 |
Scenario No2: with DMAs_no PRVs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Critical Nodes Per DMA Based on the Water Pressure | |||||||
Pressure (kPa) | Age (h) | Demand (m3/h) | |||||
DMAs | Critical Node | Mean value per DMA | Mean value at critical node | Mean value per DMA | Mean value at critical node | MAX value at critical node | MAX value at critical node |
DMA 1a | J-135 | 450.01 | 391.75 | 14.82 | 15.91 | 25.26 | 20.26 |
DMA 1b | 14068 | 482.91 | 463.78 | 13.45 | 12.07 | 20.09 | 40.48 |
DMA 2 | 14049 | 457.24 | 430.57 | 10.56 | 12.99 | 18.78 | 37.14 |
DMA 3 | K-64 | 470.95 | 451.58 | 14.13 | 14.36 | 22.13 | 10.08 |
DMA 4 | 213 | 465.53 | 422.11 | 11.51 | 10.51 | 12.74 | 69.24 |
DMA 5 | 467 | 480.40 | 466.75 | 15.90 | 16.10 | 24.53 | 43.92 |
Critical Nodes Per DMA Based on the Water Age | |||||||
DMA 1a | J-137 | 460.09 | 407.81 | 14.82 | 15.47 | 25.69 | 10.1 |
DMA 1b | 241 | 494.02 | 494.06 | 13.45 | 16.37 | 27.50 | 15.22 |
DMA 2 | 2515 | 484.01 | 503.87 | 10.56 | 22.75 | 34.92 | 1.76 |
DMA 3 | 2565 | 482.94 | 494.68 | 14.36 | 15.69 | 26.11 | 6.82 |
DMA 4 | K-66 | 474.05 | 487.68 | 11.51 | 14.07 | 23.85 | 16.92 |
DMA 5 | 4656 | 500.15 | 497.14 | 15.90 | 20.76 | 33.54 | 3.32 |
Scenario No3: with DMAs_with PRVs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Critical Nodes Per DMA Based on the Water Pressure | |||||||
Pressure (kPa) | Age (h) | Demand (m3/h) | |||||
DMAs | Critical Node | Mean value per DMA | Mean value at critical node | Mean value per DMA | Mean value at critical node | MAX value at critical node | MAX value at critical node |
DMA 1a | J-139 | 262.58 | 200.38 | 16.29 | 19.43 | 27.33 | 8.16 |
DMA 1b | 14068 | 296.02 | 276.74 | 14.74 | 14.17 | 20.86 | 34.1 |
DMA 2 | 220 | 228.92 | 201.22 | 12.82 | 9.35 | 11.63 | 19.5 |
DMA 3 | K-64 | 219.76 | 203.44 | 17.65 | 17.83 | 23.96 | 7.86 |
DMA 4 | 213 | 244.45 | 208.84 | 12.11 | 11.07 | 12.96 | 55.16 |
DMA 5 | 467 | 220.24 | 212.39 | 19.60 | 20.00 | 27.11 | 33.64 |
Critical Nodes Per DMA Based on the Water Age | |||||||
DMA 1a | J-139 | 262.58 | 200.38 | 16.29 | 19.43 | 27.33 | 8.16 |
DMA 1b | 130347 | 296.02 | 305.41 | 14.74 | 20.71 | 29.56 | 2.84 |
DMA 2 | 2515 | 228.92 | 248.57 | 12.82 | 25.35 | 35.66 | 1.38 |
DMA 3 | J-53 | 219.76 | 209.54 | 17.65 | 19.73 | 27.92 | 19.54 |
DMA 4 | 2181 | 244.45 | 251.87 | 12.11 | 12.14 | 31.58 | 20.32 |
DMA 5 | 4656 | 220.24 | 212.87 | 19.60 | 25.51 | 39.11 | 2.56 |
Scenario No1: no DMAs_no PRVs | ||||||
DMA1a | DMA1b | DMA2 | DMA3 | DMA4 | DMA5 | |
Max water age (h) | 23.13 | 24.32 | 33.66 | 22.96 | 22.33 | 33.94 |
Average max water age (h) | 18.98 | 17.45 | 12.15 | 21.36 | 14.32 | 24.49 |
Average water age (h) | 13.49 | 12.28 | 9.77 | 13.62 | 10.66 | 15.89 |
Average water age for the entire WDN (h) | 12.62 | |||||
Water demand (48 h) (m3) | 1105.50 | 872.93 | 1280.42 | 1092.15 | 1467.65 | 1395.11 |
Total water demand for the entire WDN (m3) | 7213.76 | |||||
Scenario No2: with DMAs_no PRVs | ||||||
DMA1a | DMA1b | DMA2 | DMA3 | DMA4 | DMA5 | |
Max water age (h) | 25.70 | 27.51 | 34.93 | 26.12 | 23.85 | 33.55 |
Average max water age (h) | 22.04 | 20.52 | 14.75 | 22.70 | 16.58 | 24.98 |
Average water age (h) | 14.82 | 13.46 | 10.56 | 14.37 | 11.51 | 15.90 |
Average water age for the entire WDN (h) | 13.44 | |||||
Water demand (48 h) (m3) | 1105.50 | 872.93 | 1280.42 | 1092.15 | 1467.65 | 1395.11 |
Total water demand for the entire WDN (m3) | 7213.76 | |||||
Scenario No3: with DMAs_with PRVs | ||||||
DMA1a | DMA1b | DMA2 | DMA3 | DMA4 | DMA5 | |
Max water age (h) | 27.33 | 29.57 | 35.66 | 27.93 | 31.58 | 39.11 |
Average max water age (h) | 23.31 | 21.36 | 17.41 | 23.38 | 18.90 | 26.99 |
Average water age (h) | 16.29 | 14.75 | 12.83 | 17.66 | 12.11 | 19.60 |
Average water age for the entire WDN (h) | 15.54 | |||||
Water demand (48 h) (m3) | 959.22 | 779.17 | 1048.4 | 887.49 | 1236.13 | 1127.53 |
Total water demand for the entire WDN (m3) | 6037.94 |
Case a (Base Values) | Case b | Case c | Case d | Case e | Case f | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRV label | Pressure (kPa) | Pressure (kPa) | Pressure (kPa) | Pressure (kPa) | Pressure (kPa) | Pressure (kPa) |
PRV-1 | 350 | Scenario a (base scenario) + 10 kPa | Scenario a (base scenario) + 20 kPa | Scenario a (base scenario) + 30 kPa | Scenario a (base scenario) + 40 kPa | Scenario a (base scenario) + 50 kPa |
PRV-2 | 232 | |||||
PRV-3 | 205 | |||||
PRV-4 | 213.5 | |||||
PRV-5 | 226 | |||||
PRV-6 | 227 | |||||
PRV-7 | 300 | |||||
PRV-8 | 227 | |||||
PRV-9 | 350 | |||||
PRV-10 | 225 | |||||
PRV-11 | 289.5 | |||||
PRV-12 | 299.5 |
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Patelis, M.; Kanakoudis, V.; Kravvari, A. Pressure Regulation vs. Water Aging in Water Distribution Networks. Water 2020, 12, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051323
Patelis M, Kanakoudis V, Kravvari A. Pressure Regulation vs. Water Aging in Water Distribution Networks. Water. 2020; 12(5):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051323
Chicago/Turabian StylePatelis, Menelaos, Vasilis Kanakoudis, and Anastasia Kravvari. 2020. "Pressure Regulation vs. Water Aging in Water Distribution Networks" Water 12, no. 5: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051323