Advancing Understanding of Land Use and Physicochemical Impacts on Fecal Contamination in Mixed-Land-Use Watersheds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site Description
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Climate during Study
3.2. E. Coli Concentrations
3.3. Physicochemical Parameters
3.4. Annual Non-Parametric Statistical Results
3.5. Quarterly Non-Parametric Statistical Results
3.6. Study Implications and Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Site Number | |||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | |
Avg. | 170 | 38 | 397 | 429 | 34 | 269 | 84 | 89 | 127 | 210 | 98 |
Med. | 66 | 3 | 260 | 361 | 4 | 194 | 20 | 32 | 25 | 93 | 16 |
Min. | 0 | 0 | 15 | 107 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Max. | 1011 | 961 | 1011 | 1011 | 914 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 870 |
Std. Dev. | 251 | 139 | 315 | 249 | 129 | 276 | 179 | 180 | 241 | 273 | 202 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | |
Avg. | 234 | 215 | 457 | 330 | 560 | 206 | 324 | 466 | 415 | 471 | 452 |
Med. | 88 | 91 | 299 | 211 | 575 | 93 | 218 | 436 | 299 | 397 | 397 |
Min. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 3 |
Max. | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 |
Std. Dev. | 305 | 266 | 406 | 293 | 373 | 288 | 342 | 339 | 340 | 342 | 345 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | |
Avg. | 11.77 | 11.09 | 11.27 | 11.48 | 12.28 | 11.44 | 12.36 | 12.32 | 11.88 | 11.72 | 12.84 |
Med. | 11.00 | 9.90 | 10.20 | 9.80 | 10.85 | 9.70 | 11.40 | 11.30 | 10.60 | 10.10 | 12.80 |
Min. | 5.00 | 2.60 | 1.10 | −0.10 | 0.00 | −0.10 | 0.10 | −0.10 | −0.10 | −0.20 | 2.80 |
Max. | 20.30 | 19.10 | 19.50 | 21.90 | 23.10 | 22.10 | 21.50 | 21.50 | 21.80 | 22.20 | 22.10 |
Std. Dev. | 4.20 | 5.51 | 6.15 | 6.95 | 7.73 | 7.21 | 6.65 | 6.28 | 6.72 | 7.02 | 6.22 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | |
Avg. | 12.10 | 12.09 | 12.34 | 12.86 | 12.00 | 11.67 | 12.53 | 12.64 | 12.88 | 12.87 | 13.74 |
Med. | 10.70 | 10.70 | 10.60 | 11.40 | 11.10 | 10.40 | 10.90 | 11.10 | 11.80 | 11.60 | 13.05 |
Min. | −0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | −0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | −0.10 | −0.20 | −0.30 | −0.20 | −0.10 |
Max. | 23.50 | 22.00 | 24.00 | 23.00 | 24.00 | 21.70 | 24.00 | 24.10 | 23.50 | 24.60 | 27.70 |
Std. Dev. | 7.87 | 6.91 | 7.66 | 6.89 | 6.99 | 6.99 | 7.44 | 7.72 | 7.76 | 7.88 | 8.61 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | |
Avg. | 7.33 | 5.94 | 6.68 | 7.17 | 6.19 | 6.79 | 5.03 | 4.37 | 5.08 | 5.60 | 5.56 |
Med. | 7.30 | 5.62 | 6.70 | 7.24 | 7.17 | 7.19 | 5.04 | 4.23 | 4.93 | 5.62 | 5.70 |
Min. | 6.57 | 4.74 | 5.71 | 6.29 | 3.05 | 3.92 | 2.89 | 3.05 | 3.13 | 3.43 | 3.08 |
Max. | 8.69 | 7.93 | 7.92 | 7.85 | 7.74 | 8.06 | 7.78 | 7.58 | 7.83 | 7.81 | 7.66 |
Std. Dev. | 0.44 | 0.93 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 1.63 | 0.90 | 1.43 | 1.04 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 1.08 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | |
Avg. | 6.13 | 6.10 | 6.54 | 7.68 | 7.80 | 7.86 | 7.18 | 7.38 | 7.97 | 7.86 | 7.76 |
Med. | 6.38 | 6.38 | 6.75 | 7.97 | 7.96 | 7.96 | 7.51 | 7.72 | 8.11 | 8.06 | 7.96 |
Min. | 0.25 | 3.61 | 4.01 | 4.30 | 4.23 | 4.00 | 3.99 | 4.14 | 4.27 | 4.32 | 4.27 |
Max. | 7.89 | 7.85 | 7.76 | 8.47 | 8.36 | 8.45 | 7.95 | 8.23 | 8.65 | 8.73 | 8.67 |
Std. Dev. | 1.13 | 1.07 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.72 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | |
Avg. | 1639.28 | 958.51 | 778.70 | 810.22 | 1320.75 | 827.24 | 1053.28 | 1661.13 | 1497.19 | 1143.77 | 812.42 |
Med. | 1643.00 | 918.00 | 718.00 | 727.00 | 1353.00 | 769.00 | 999.00 | 1562.00 | 1480.00 | 1129.00 | 695.00 |
Min. | 331.60 | 358.10 | 286.20 | 301.80 | 633.00 | 354.30 | 503.00 | 813.00 | 688.00 | 476.60 | 530.00 |
Max. | 3778.00 | 2024.00 | 1620.00 | 1709.00 | 2654.00 | 1745.00 | 3378.00 | 4692.00 | 4302.00 | 2572.00 | 1955.00 |
Std. Dev. | 484.90 | 301.93 | 305.86 | 303.74 | 307.58 | 263.52 | 404.69 | 555.53 | 496.47 | 349.67 | 284.72 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | |
Avg. | 885.06 | 961.58 | 503.58 | 1392.64 | 413.31 | 249.11 | 868.99 | 877.08 | 1463.58 | 945.33 | 738.12 |
Med. | 861.00 | 958.00 | 480.40 | 1116.00 | 385.00 | 226.40 | 845.00 | 831.00 | 1045.00 | 850.00 | 651.00 |
Min. | 516.00 | 449.50 | 321.50 | 510.00 | 231.60 | 144.40 | 451.60 | 494.00 | 408.90 | 486.50 | 297.60 |
Max. | 2072.00 | 2315.00 | 1052.00 | 6631.00 | 890.00 | 449.90 | 2184.00 | 2690.00 | 6106.00 | 3345.00 | 2185.00 |
Std. Dev. | 279.25 | 292.86 | 111.90 | 1041.80 | 120.58 | 68.43 | 306.89 | 355.26 | 1193.23 | 458.84 | 359.11 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | |
Avg. | 85.93 | 89.95 | 98.47 | 100.78 | 102.52 | 100.62 | 93.20 | 100.38 | 101.42 | 101.16 | 98.50 |
Med. | 85.10 | 94.90 | 98.50 | 100.50 | 102.25 | 100.60 | 95.00 | 100.10 | 101.70 | 101.30 | 98.90 |
Min. | 76.90 | 61.30 | 93.20 | 90.40 | 97.10 | 95.20 | 75.70 | 94.60 | 94.80 | 95.30 | 92.70 |
Max. | 101.10 | 100.70 | 102.00 | 112.10 | 107.40 | 105.00 | 103.20 | 120.50 | 106.00 | 108.10 | 103.60 |
Std. Dev. | 6.02 | 10.04 | 1.97 | 3.48 | 1.92 | 1.68 | 7.64 | 3.14 | 1.60 | 1.73 | 1.89 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | |
Avg. | 100.76 | 100.31 | 100.39 | 103.78 | 97.40 | 96.68 | 102.30 | 103.09 | 104.63 | 104.22 | 103.68 |
Med. | 100.90 | 100.50 | 100.50 | 102.70 | 97.70 | 98.50 | 102.00 | 103.10 | 102.40 | 103.80 | 103.50 |
Min. | 94.00 | 92.90 | 93.40 | 89.10 | 86.80 | 60.70 | 93.80 | 96.90 | 93.40 | 96.70 | 94.80 |
Max. | 107.20 | 104.60 | 109.50 | 117.80 | 107.40 | 103.70 | 112.90 | 110.00 | 129.30 | 112.00 | 115.60 |
Std. Dev. | 2.08 | 2.09 | 3.05 | 5.56 | 3.97 | 6.60 | 3.13 | 1.78 | 9.06 | 2.74 | 3.80 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | |
Avg. | 272.11 | 128.83 | 101.63 | 95.87 | 23.41 | 62.49 | 22.53 | 119.36 | 109.73 | 84.04 | 76.27 |
Med. | 263.40 | 118.25 | 86.62 | 83.73 | 12.89 | 57.47 | 18.25 | 105.28 | 102.46 | 78.75 | 52.46 |
Min. | 27.08 | 19.78 | 13.76 | 14.31 | 4.97 | 12.14 | 6.38 | 32.65 | 24.29 | 16.35 | 3.39 |
Max. | 821.26 | 325.24 | 388.96 | 444.44 | 282.40 | 289.87 | 124.07 | 340.28 | 263.38 | 249.22 | 520.25 |
Std. Dev. | 146.30 | 55.88 | 68.56 | 68.34 | 45.50 | 41.00 | 18.04 | 55.72 | 47.16 | 40.79 | 84.18 |
Site Number | |||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | |
Avg. | 73.42 | 74.23 | 27.94 | 220.17 | 32.16 | 13.34 | 67.52 | 80.97 | 282.87 | 111.21 | 87.82 |
Med. | 51.01 | 63.76 | 22.94 | 164.83 | 21.56 | 11.79 | 57.96 | 66.06 | 168.78 | 84.08 | 56.97 |
Min. | 16.48 | 17.88 | 15.26 | 29.23 | 14.13 | 6.85 | 17.69 | 21.87 | 33.96 | 27.24 | 7.71 |
Max. | 455.64 | 248.34 | 101.48 | 905.31 | 297.32 | 39.82 | 225.82 | 307.39 | 1242.68 | 491.53 | 472.78 |
Std. Dev. | 74.83 | 45.41 | 17.91 | 176.53 | 44.33 | 6.13 | 40.02 | 54.18 | 260.03 | 95.67 | 99.41 |
Variables | Coefficients of PC1 | Coefficients of PC2 | Coefficients of PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
E. coli | −0.03 | 0.55 | 0.00 |
Water Temp | −0.09 | 0.37 | −0.14 |
DO | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.53 |
SPC | 0.41 | −0.37 | −0.08 |
pH | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.06 |
Cl- | 0.50 | −0.12 | −0.03 |
Mixed Development | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.08 |
Agriculture | −0.15 | 0.02 | −0.73 |
Forested | −0.47 | −0.20 | 0.40 |
Variables | Coefficients of PC1 | Coefficients of PC2 | Coefficients of PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
E. coli | −0.03 | 0.55 | 0.00 |
Water Temp | −0.09 | 0.37 | −0.14 |
DO | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.53 |
SPC | 0.41 | −0.37 | −0.08 |
pH | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.06 |
Cl- | 0.50 | −0.12 | −0.03 |
Mixed Development | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.08 |
Agriculture | −0.15 | 0.02 | −0.73 |
Forested | −0.47 | −0.20 | 0.40 |
Variables | Coefficients of PC1 | Coefficients of PC2 | Coefficients of PC3 | Coefficients of PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | 0.03 | 0.58 | −0.09 | −0.09 |
Water Temp | 0.05 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.91 |
DO | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.59 | −0.18 |
SPC | 0.36 | −0.49 | −0.08 | 0.17 |
pH | 0.17 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
Cl− | 0.51 | −0.12 | −0.01 | −0.11 |
Mixed Development | 0.56 | 0.09 | 0.15 | −0.01 |
Agriculture | −0.12 | 0.03 | −0.71 | −0.23 |
Forested | −0.50 | −0.12 | 0.31 | 0.16 |
Variables | Coefficients of PC1 | Coefficients of PC2 | Coefficients of PC3 | Coefficients of PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | 0.43 | 0.14 | −0.29 | −0.20 |
Water Temp | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.58 | 0.33 |
DO | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.48 | 0.16 |
SPC | −0.50 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.14 |
pH | 0.39 | 0.32 | −0.20 | −0.18 |
Cl− | −0.48 | 0.21 | −0.13 | −0.12 |
Mixed Development | −0.16 | 0.63 | 0.01 | −0.15 |
Agriculture | 0.09 | −0.13 | −0.41 | 0.78 |
Forested | 0.11 | −0.57 | 0.26 | −0.36 |
Variables | Coefficients of PC1 | Coefficients of PC2 | Coefficients of PC3 | Coefficients of PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | −0.03 | 0.55 | 0.00 | 0.21 |
Water Temp | −0.09 | 0.37 | −0.14 | 0.79 |
DO | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.53 | −0.01 |
SPC | 0.41 | −0.37 | −0.08 | 0.19 |
pH | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.06 | −0.14 |
Cl− | 0.50 | −0.12 | −0.03 | −0.17 |
Mixed Development | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
Agriculture | −0.15 | 0.02 | −0.73 | −0.44 |
Forested | −0.47 | −0.20 | 0.40 | 0.20 |
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Site | Mixed Development (%) | Agriculture (%) | Forested (%) | Drainage Area (km²) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 53.23% | 38.70% | 8.07% | 0.30 |
2 | 13.58% | 12.20% | 74.21% | 0.29 |
3 | 22.35% | 16.17% | 61.32% | 1.87 |
4 | 25.88% | 14.91% | 59.00% | 2.48 |
5 | 23.35% | 25.51% | 51.14% | 0.38 |
6 | 23.91% | 17.25% | 58.70% | 3.72 |
7 | 16.33% | 28.60% | 54.91% | 0.78 |
8 | 30.78% | 16.47% | 52.35% | 1.55 |
9 | 27.57% | 19.33% | 52.84% | 2.29 |
10 | 24.92% | 18.40% | 56.49% | 6.18 |
11 | 18.15% | 41.87% | 39.16% | 1.75 |
12 | 31.77% | 33.72% | 34.51% | 1.75 |
13 | 26.83% | 25.77% | 47.15% | 10.53 |
14 | 16.19% | 26.43% | 56.92% | 3.36 |
15 | 70.28% | 10.31% | 19.42% | 0.98 |
16 | 5.38% | 58.72% | 35.16% | 0.25 |
17 | 4.78% | 9.38% | 85.84% | 0.75 |
18 | 25.98% | 24.88% | 48.86% | 16.41 |
19 | 29.45% | 22.45% | 47.85% | 18.88 |
20 | 89.16% | 4.19% | 6.61% | 3.42 |
21 | 38.10% | 19.46% | 42.23% | 22.93 |
22 | 37.71% | 19.38% | 42.66% | 23.24 |
Site Number | ||||||||||||
#1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | ||
Water Temp. | SCC | 0.35 | 0.59 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.52 |
p-value | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
pH | SCC | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.54 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.81 |
p-value | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
SPC | SCC | −0.48 | −0.23 | −0.17 | −0.18 | −0.16 | −0.16 | −0.80 | −0.51 | −0.55 | −0.14 | −0.41 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | |
DO | SCC | 0.31 | −0.14 | −0.18 | −0.24 | −0.01 | −0.39 | −0.16 | −0.15 | −0.37 | −0.40 | −0.49 |
p-value | 0.03 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cl- | SCC | −0.14 | −0.20 | −0.24 | −0.26 | −0.16 | −0.21 | −0.35 | −0.45 | −0.28 | −0.12 | −0.48 |
p-value | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.43 | 0.00 | |
Site Number | ||||||||||||
#12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | ||
Water Temp. | SCC | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.69 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.24 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 0.02 | 0.10 | |
pH | SCC | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.69 | −0.35 | −0.14 | 0.16 | 0.56 | 0.57 | −0.08 | 0.22 | 0.25 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.14 | 0.09 | |
SPC | SCC | −0.16 | −0.38 | −0.06 | −0.70 | 0.21 | 0.30 | −0.30 | −0.12 | −0.50 | −0.29 | −0.33 |
p-value | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | |
DO | SCC | −0.41 | −0.56 | 0.00 | −0.73 | −0.47 | −0.58 | −0.22 | −0.20 | −0.25 | −0.06 | −0.31 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.68 | 0.03 | |
Cl- | SCC | −0.57 | −0.41 | −0.23 | −0.52 | 0.16 | −0.15 | −0.44 | −0.27 | −0.37 | −0.41 | −0.30 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
Principal Component | Eigenvalue | Percentage of Variance | Cumulative Variance |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.64 | 29.34% | 29.34% |
2 | 1.99 | 22.14% | 51.48% |
3 | 1.33 | 14.79% | 66.27% |
4 | 0.98 | 10.91% | 77.18% |
5 | 0.79 | 8.80% | 85.98% |
6 | 0.61 | 6.73% | 92.71% |
7 | 0.44 | 4.94% | 97.65% |
8 | 0.21 | 2.35% | 100.00% |
9 | 0.00 | 0.00% | 100.00% |
Principal Component | Eigenvalue | Percentage of Variance | Cumulative Variance | Eigenvalue | Percentage of Variance | Cumulative Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quarter 1 | Quarter 2 | |||||
1 | 3.36 | 37.31% | 37.31% | 2.81 | 31.22% | 31.22% |
2 | 1.53 | 16.95% | 54.26% | 1.98 | 21.97% | 53.19% |
3 | 1.44 | 16.00% | 70.25% | 1.41 | 15.63% | 68.82% |
4 | 0.92 | 10.22% | 80.48% | 1.06 | 11.74% | 80.56% |
5 | 0.73 | 8.13% | 88.60% | 0.85 | 9.39% | 89.95% |
6 | 0.53 | 5.94% | 94.54% | 0.48 | 5.36% | 95.32% |
7 | 0.26 | 2.94% | 97.48% | 0.30 | 3.38% | 98.70% |
8 | 0.23 | 2.52% | 100.00% | 0.12 | 1.30% | 100.00% |
9 | 0.00 | 0.00% | 100.00% | 0.00 | 0.00% | 100.00% |
Quarter 3 | Quarter 4 | |||||
1 | 2.89 | 32.07% | 32.07% | 2.74 | 30.39% | 30.39% |
2 | 2.14 | 23.80% | 55.88% | 1.87 | 20.73% | 51.13% |
3 | 1.34 | 14.91% | 70.79% | 1.47 | 16.30% | 67.43% |
4 | 1.16 | 12.92% | 83.71% | 1.09 | 12.14% | 79.57% |
5 | 0.58 | 6.44% | 90.15% | 0.79 | 8.83% | 88.40% |
6 | 0.39 | 4.29% | 94.44% | 0.57 | 6.38% | 94.78% |
7 | 0.31 | 3.49% | 97.93% | 0.29 | 3.22% | 97.99% |
8 | 0.19 | 2.07% | 100.00% | 0.18 | 2.01% | 100.00% |
9 | 0.00 | 0.00% | 100.00% | 0.00 | 0.00% | 100.00% |
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Petersen, F.; Hubbart, J.A. Advancing Understanding of Land Use and Physicochemical Impacts on Fecal Contamination in Mixed-Land-Use Watersheds. Water 2020, 12, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041094
Petersen F, Hubbart JA. Advancing Understanding of Land Use and Physicochemical Impacts on Fecal Contamination in Mixed-Land-Use Watersheds. Water. 2020; 12(4):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041094
Chicago/Turabian StylePetersen, Fritz, and Jason A. Hubbart. 2020. "Advancing Understanding of Land Use and Physicochemical Impacts on Fecal Contamination in Mixed-Land-Use Watersheds" Water 12, no. 4: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041094
APA StylePetersen, F., & Hubbart, J. A. (2020). Advancing Understanding of Land Use and Physicochemical Impacts on Fecal Contamination in Mixed-Land-Use Watersheds. Water, 12(4), 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041094