Water Consumption and Management in Schools in the City of Alicante (Southern Spain) (2000–2017): Free Water Helps Promote Saving Water?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey
2.2. Data Supplied by the Water Company
3. Results
3.1. Water Consumption in Schools in the City of Alicante (2000–2017)
3.2. Management and Water Use in Schools
3.3. Environmental Awareness and Water Saving
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1. Characteristics of the School | |
---|---|
Items | Response Type/Variables |
1. Number of students | Ended answer question/number |
2. Change in student numbers in the last 5 years | Ended answer questions/increase, no change, reduction |
3. Number of staff (teachers, cleaning assistants, etc.) | Ended answer question/number |
4. Change in the number of staff in the last 5 years | Ended answer questions/increase, no change, Reduction |
5. Size of the plot and other elements that take part of the school (m2) | Ended answer questions/Surface: plot, building, green areas, others |
2. Water Use and Management | |
Items | Response Type/Variables |
6. Water use in schools (%). Point out which places and uses consume the most water. | Ended answer question/Percentage: toilets, garden, cleaning, kitchen, sport areas, fountain, others |
7. Systems that consume most water. Point out which systems and elements consume the most water. | Likert scale (value: 1 to 6. 1 being the highest value and the lowest 6)/Taps (indoor uses), toilet bowls, dishwasher, taps (outdoor uses), taps (cleaning), showers |
8. Cleaning. Volume of water used for cleaning. | Ended answer question/need more water, need the same, need less water |
9. Point out origin of supply water sources | Ended answer question/water public network, wells, treated water, rainwater tanks |
3. Characteristics of Gardened Areas | |
Items | Responses |
10. Percentage of the different types of vegetation | Ended answer question/Percentage: Ornamental bushes, succulent plants, grass, flowers |
11. Reduction of grass in the last five years | Ended answer question/Yes, No |
12. Type of watering systems (%) Point out, if the garden is watering | Ended answer/Percentage: Hosepipe, sprinklers, drip, others |
13. Changes (improve) carried out in watering systems in the last five years (if the garden is watering) | Ended answer/Yes, No |
14. Watering garden areas | Ended answer question/Yes, No |
4. Perception of Water Consumption and Efforts to Encourage Savings | |
Items | Responses |
15. Perception of water consumption trend | Ended answer/reduced, remained the same, increased/Do not know/no answer |
16. Installation of water-saving devices (taps) | Ended answer/Installed in all taps, installed in some, none, do not know/no answer |
17. Installation of water-saving devices (toilets) | Ended answer/installed in all toilets, installed in some, none, do not know/no answer |
18. Implementation of water-saving plans | Ended answer/Yes, No |
19. Comparison with previous water invoices | Ended answer/Yes, No, Do not know/no answer |
20. Information on saving water at main points of consumption | Ended answer/Yes, No |
21. Effort to raise environmental awareness in school | Ended answer/Yes, No |
22. Environmental awareness campaigns | Ended answer/Yes, No |
23. Perception of teachers’ environmental awareness (according to the directors) | Ended answer/Very aware, Moderate, Little awareness, Not aware, Do not know/no answer |
24. Perception of students’ environmental awareness (according to the directors) | Ended answer/Very aware, Moderate, Little awareness, Not aware, Do not know/no answer |
25. Main factors for reducing water use | Likert scale (value: 1 to 8. 1 being the highest value and the lowest 8)/Environmental awareness, Water-saving devices, Technical innovations, Droughts, Climate change, Price of water, Economic crisis, Staff cuts |
26. Measures taken during the last drought (2015–2018) | Ended answer/Yes, No |
Variable | Changes | Schools (nº) |
---|---|---|
Change in student numbers in the last five years (item 2) | Increase No change Reduction | 9 schools 4 schools 1 school |
Change in the number of staff in the last five years (item 4) | Increase No change Reduction | 6 schools 6 schools 2 schools |
Number Students | Litres/School/Day | Litres/Student/Day | Land Size (m2) | Garden (m2) | Grass (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
More than 1000 | 6493 | 4.32 | 8700 | 2993 | 0 |
501–1000 | 5908 | 9.71 | 8543 | 1340 | 19% |
Less than 500 | 5288 | 16.17 | 8372 | 1010 | 6.25% |
Litres/School/Day | €/Day | €/Month | €/Year |
---|---|---|---|
More than 5,000l/day | 17.91 | 544 | 6539 |
2,001–5,000l/day | 9.20 | 279 | 3559 |
Less than 2,000l/day | 3.49 | 106 | 1276 |
Systems that Consume Most Water (Item 7) | Taps (indoor uses) Toilet bowls Dishwasher Taps (outdoor uses) Taps (cleaning) Showers | 1º 2º 3º 4º 5º 6º |
Cleaning Volume of Water Used for Cleaning (Item 8) | Need more water Need the same Need less water | 3 schools 11 schools 0 schools |
Point Out Origin of Supply Water Sources (Item 9) | Water public network Wells Treated water Rainwater tanks | 14 schools 0 schools 0 schools 1 school (only 20% of the garden water supply) |
Perception of Water Consumption Trend (Item 15) | Reduced Remained the same Increased Don’t know/no answer | 2 schools 4 schools 3 schools 5 schools |
Installation of Water-Saving Devices (Taps) (Item 16) | Installed in all taps Installed in some None Don’t know/no answer | 4 schools 2 schools 8 schools 0 schools |
Installation of Water-Saving Devices (Toilets) (Item 17) | Installed in all toilets Installed in some None Do not know/no answer | 1 school 3 schools 9 schools 1 school |
Implementation of Water-Saving Plans (Item 18) | Yes No | 0 schools 14 schools |
Comparison with Previous Invoices (Item 19) | Yes No Do not know/no answer | 5 schools 4 schools 5 schools |
Information on Saving Water at the Main Points of Consumption (Item 20) | Yes No | 0 schools 14 schools |
Efforts to Raise Environmental Awareness in School (Item 21) | Yes No | 8 schools 6 schools |
Environmental Awareness Campaigns (Item 22) | Yes No | 10 schools 4 schools |
Perception of Teachers’ Environmental Awareness (According to the Directors) (Item 23) | Very aware Moderate Little awareness Not aware Do not know/no answer | 5 schools 7 schools 0 schools 0 schools 2 schools |
Perception of Students’ Environmental Awareness (According to the Directors) (Item 24) | Very aware Moderate Little awareness Not aware Do not know/no answer | 2 schools 5 schools 3 schools 0 schools 4 schools |
Main Factors for Reducing Water Use (Item 25) | Environmental awareness Water-saving devices Technical innovations Droughts Climate change Price of water Economic crisis Staff cuts | 1º 2º 3º 4º 5º 6º 7º 8º |
Measures Taken during the Last Drought (2015–2018) (Item 26) | Yes No | 13 schools 1 school |
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Morote, Á.-F.; Hernández, M.; Olcina, J.; Rico, A.-M. Water Consumption and Management in Schools in the City of Alicante (Southern Spain) (2000–2017): Free Water Helps Promote Saving Water? Water 2020, 12, 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041052
Morote Á-F, Hernández M, Olcina J, Rico A-M. Water Consumption and Management in Schools in the City of Alicante (Southern Spain) (2000–2017): Free Water Helps Promote Saving Water? Water. 2020; 12(4):1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041052
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorote, Álvaro-Francisco, María Hernández, Jorge Olcina, and Antonio-Manuel Rico. 2020. "Water Consumption and Management in Schools in the City of Alicante (Southern Spain) (2000–2017): Free Water Helps Promote Saving Water?" Water 12, no. 4: 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041052