Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Pilot Trial Design
Operation and Maintenance
- Recharge well cleaning: recharge wells were cleaned using a compressor to remove silt deposited inside the recharge wells and fine particles that had blocked the slots of the recharge well.
- Recharge well filter cleaning: pea-gravels in the recharge filters packed in brick structures were cleaned by removing and washing by hand.
- Desilting pond bottom: silt deposited at the pond bottom was scraped off, and the embankments and side slopes were restabilized.
4. Methods
4.1. Monitoring and Data Collection
4.2. Groundwater Recharge from the UTFI Pond
4.3. Groundwater Level Response to UTFI Recharge
The Hantush Analytical Solution
4.4. Groundwater Bbalance at the Village Scale
5. Results
5.1. Groundwater Recharge from UTFI
5.2. Groundwater Levels and the Response to UTFI Recharge
The Hantush Analytical Solution
5.3. UTFI Contribution to Recharge
5.4. Clogging Effects on Recharge
6. Discussion
6.1. Factors Influencing Recharge Rates
UTFI Recharge Variation Implications for Flood Mitigation
6.2. Performance of the UTFI Pilot
6.2.1. Comparing Recharge Wells to the Infiltration Pond
6.2.2. Comparing UTFI to Comparable Studies in the Region
6.3. Dependence of Aquifer Type on Groundwater Mounding
6.4. Scaling up of UTFI
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Measurement Method | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Groundwater levels | Nine piezometers were installed (Figure 2). All groundwater levels of piezometers are given relative to the reference point, RW1 (in mbgl). | Measured weekly using a portable water level meter during recharge operations, and every 2 weeks during non-recharge periods |
UTFI pond infiltration rate | (A) Single ring infiltration test up to 8 h was conducted at the bottom of pond at four locations after pond cleaning/development (B) Days taken for pond dead storage to dry out after stopping recharge operations | (A) 6 h test at 4 locations at 45 cm depth on the 11 and 18 September, 2015 (B) At the end of the recharge operations each year |
Rainfall | Rain gauge at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Rampur city, situated approximately 20 km from the pilot site | Daily from 24 June 2016 |
Canal water levels | Measuring scale was marked in canal wall near road bridge | Daily basis during the recharge operation and at 15 day intervals during non-recharge periods |
UTFI pond storage volume | Relationship between depth of water in pond and volume of water in pond was developed | After pond development |
UTFI Pond water level measurement | Measuring scale was marked at recharge well (RW1 in Figure 2) to record pond water level. All depths are relative to the RW1 reference point. | Pond water level was recorded on a daily basis during the recharge operations |
Source water silt content | Water samples analyzed for total solid solids (TSS); Mass of silt accumulated at pond bottom after recharge seasons (tonnes) | Monthly; After recharge season of 2016 and 2017 |
Socio-economic survey | Socio-economic survey of 120 farmers within a 1 km radius of the UTFI site | At the start of the pilot trial in 2016 |
Year | Start Date–End Date | Number of Recharge Days a | VUTFI (m3) | RUTFI (m3 day−1) (mm day−1) b |
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 15 July–7 October | 85 | 45,070 | 537 (204) |
2017 | 17 July–5 October | 78 | 61,969 | 775 (295) |
2018 | 6 August–6 October | 62 | 26,207 | 430 (164) |
Average | - | 75 | 44,415 | 580 (221) |
Parameter | Time Period | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall (mm) | Annual | 857 | 905 | 1812 |
Monsoon (28 June–22 September) | 857 | 874 | 1708 | |
Recharge period | 737 | 472 | 992 | |
Rainy days | Annual | 23 | 22 | 27 |
Monsoon (28 June–22 September) | 23 | 20 | 22 | |
Recharge period | 14 | 8 | 12 |
(×103 m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ΔGWS a | VAmonsoonb | VVillage | VUTFI | UTFI (% of Recharge) |
2016 | 581 | 1158 | 1739 | 45.07 | 2.6 |
2017 | 583 | 1158 | 1741 | 61.97 | 3.6 |
2018 | 835 | 1158 | 1993 | 26.21 | 1.3 |
Year | RUTFI (m3 day−1) | Recharge Well Cleaning | Filter Cleaning | Desilting Pond Bottom | Gravity Head for Recharge (m) a | Avg. water Quality Entering Pond (TSS: mg/L) b | Total Silt Accumulated c (Tonnes) | Days Taken for Dead Storage to Dry d | End Season Infiltration Rate (mm day−1) e | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | Avg. | |||||||||
2016 | 996 | 274 | 537 | No | No | No | 4.0 | 340 | 12.2 | 55 | 14.4 |
2017 | 2499 | 289 | 775 | yes | yes | Yes | 4.7 | 260 | 21.2 | 48 | 17.0 |
2018 | 1978 | 85 | 430 | No | Yes | Yes | 3.5 | 282 | - | 50 | 16.2 |
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Alam, M.F.; Pavelic, P.; Sharma, N.; Sikka, A. Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India. Water 2020, 12, 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041028
Alam MF, Pavelic P, Sharma N, Sikka A. Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India. Water. 2020; 12(4):1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041028
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlam, Mohammad Faiz, Paul Pavelic, Navneet Sharma, and Alok Sikka. 2020. "Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India" Water 12, no. 4: 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041028
APA StyleAlam, M. F., Pavelic, P., Sharma, N., & Sikka, A. (2020). Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India. Water, 12(4), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041028