Urban Nutrient Emissions in Denmark in the Year 1900
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cut-Off Criteria and Model Towns
3.2. Discharge Paths for Excrements and Wastewater
3.3. Initial Emissions
3.4. Emissions from Towns to Water, Soil and Agricultural Soil
3.5. Main Uncertainties
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Description | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Ptotal | (pers) | Total population in Denmark in 1900 | Historical data |
Pi | (pers) | Population in town i in 1900 | Historical data |
Ai,j | (animalj) | Number of animal j in town i in 1900 | Historical data |
nslaughter | (-) | Number of slaughterhouses in 1900 | Historical data |
Ihuman | (kg/pers/year) | Nutrient load in human excrements per year | Current data |
Ianimal,j | (kg/animalj/year) | Nutrient load per animal j (pigs, cattle, horses, sheep and goats) per year | Current data |
fred | (-) | Reduction factor to account for differences in nutrition and feed | Estimate based on historical and current data |
WWdairy | (LWW/Lproc) | Wastewater volume generated per volume of processed milk | Current data |
WWslaughter | (LWW/kgproc) | Wastewater volume generated per mass of processed animals | Current data |
IWW,dairy | (kg/LWW) | Nutrient load in wastewater from dairies | Current data |
IWW,slaughter | (kg/LWW) | Nutrient load in wastewater from slaughterhouses | Current data |
Procdairy, total | (lproc/year) | Volume of milk processed per year * | Historical data |
Procslaughter,total | (kgproc/year) | Mass of processed animals per year * | Historical data |
Source of Uncertainty | Parameter | Baseline | Alternative |
---|---|---|---|
1. Flow paths of nutrients | 1.a Fraction of buckets from Copenhagen sold to farmers | 10% | 80% |
1.b Fraction of waste disposed to pipes | 10–20% of human excrements 10% of industrial wastewater | 50% decrease | |
1.c Same as 1.b | Same as 1.b | 50% increase | |
2. Initial load of nutrients from human and animal excrements | 2.a Initial load of nutrients from human and animal excrements | 75% of present values | 50% of present values |
2.b Same as 2.a | Same as 2.a | 100% of present values | |
3. Minimum population for inclusion of towns in the assessment | 3.a Towns with less than 5000 inhabitants | Excluded | Included as inland towns |
3.b Same as 3.a | Same as 3.a | Included as coastal towns |
Source | Nitrogen | Phosphorous |
---|---|---|
Human excrements | 3.0 kg/pers/year | 0.5 kg/pers/year |
Animal excrements | ||
Cattle and horses | 45.0 kg/animal/year | 7.5 kg/animal/year |
Pigs | 6.8 kg/animal/year | 2.3 kg/animal/year |
Sheep and goats | 6.5 kg/animal/year | 1.3 kg/animal/year |
Industry | ||
Dairies | 0.3 kg/pers/year | 0.1 kg/pers/year |
Slaughterhouses | 27 kg/slaughterhouse/year | 2 kg/slaughterhouse/year |
Source | Emission to Water (t/year) | Emission to Landfill or Soil (t/year) | Emission to Agricultural Soil (t/year) | Total (t/year) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | N | P | N | P | N | P | |
Coastal towns | 1182 | 218 | 309 | 54 | 600 | 102 | 2091 | 374 |
Inland towns | 13 | 2 | 114 | 21 | 280 | 50 | 407 | 73 |
Copenhagen | 1336 | 242 | 388 | 68 | 40 | 7 | 1764 | 317 |
SUM | 2531 | 462 | 811 | 143 | 919 | 159 | 4261 | 764 |
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Brudler, S.; Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K.; Jeppesen, E.B.; Bitsch, C.; Thelle, M.; Rygaard, M. Urban Nutrient Emissions in Denmark in the Year 1900. Water 2020, 12, 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030789
Brudler S, Arnbjerg-Nielsen K, Jeppesen EB, Bitsch C, Thelle M, Rygaard M. Urban Nutrient Emissions in Denmark in the Year 1900. Water. 2020; 12(3):789. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030789
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrudler, Sarah, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Emma Barnhøj Jeppesen, Camilla Bitsch, Mikkel Thelle, and Martin Rygaard. 2020. "Urban Nutrient Emissions in Denmark in the Year 1900" Water 12, no. 3: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030789