Spatiotemporal Dissolved Silicate Variation, Sources, and Behavior in the Eutrophic Zhanjiang Bay, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Monitoring Stations
2.2. Field Sampling Method
2.3. Analysis Methods
2.4. Method of Quantifying Land-based Sources DSi Flux
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal DSi Variation in the ZJB Coastal Water
3.2. Spatiotemporal DSi from Land-Based Sources in ZJB
3.3. Seasonal Flux of DSi in Estuaries and Sewage Outlets Discharging into ZJB
3.4. Seasonal Variation of DSi Behaviors in ZJB
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of DSi Concentration in ZJB with Other Estuaries and Bays around the World
4.2. Factors Affecting Seasonal Behaviors of DSi in ZJB Coastal Water
4.3. Factors Affecting DSi Concentration and Flux of Land-based Sources Input in ZJB
4.4. Implications for Seasonal Nutrients Composition in Coastal Waters in ZJB
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Carey, J.C.; Fulweiler, R.W. Human activities directly alter watershed dissolved silica fluxes. Biogeochemistry 2012, 111, 125–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, Z.M.; Wang, D.N.; Zhang, Z.L.; Zhou, K.B.; Liu, X.; Wang, L.; Huang, B.Q.; Cai, P.H.; Dai, M.H. Seasonal dynamics and export of biogenic silica in the upper water column of a large marginal sea, the northern South China Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 2020, 188, 102421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeMaster, D.J. The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45, 1715–1732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papush, L.; Danielsson, Å.; Rahm, L. Dissolved silica budget for the Baltic Sea. J. Sea. Res. 2009, 62, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kranzler, C.F.; Krause, J.; Brzezinski, M.A.; Edwards, B.R.; Biggs, W.P.; Maniscalco, M.; McCrow, J.; Mooy, B.V.; Bidle, K.; Allen, A.; et al. Silicon limitation facilitates virus infection and mortality of marine diatoms. Nat. Microbiol. 2019, 4, 1790–1797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.M. Biogeochemical Processes of Biogenic Elements in China Marginal Seas; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; pp. 1–662. [Google Scholar]
- Blanchard, S.F. Dissolved Silica in the Tidal Potomac River and Estuary, 1979-81 Water Years; (Water Supply Paper 2234-H); United States Geological Survey: Denver, CO, USA, 1988; p. 46.
- Derry, L.A.; Kurtz, A.C.; Ziegler, K.; Chadwick, O.A. Biological control of terrestrial silica cycling and export fluxes to watersheds. Nature 2005, 433, 728–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Officer, C.; Ryther, J. The possible importance of silicon in marine eutrophication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1980, 3, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garnier, J.; Beusen, A.; Thieu, V.; Billen, G.; Bouwman, L. N:P:Si nutrient export ratios and ecological consequences in coastal seas evaluated by the ICEP approach. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2010, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carbonnel, V.; Lionard, M.; Muylaert, K.; Lei, C. Dynamics of dissolved and biogenic silica in the freshwater reaches of a macrotidal estuary (The Scheldt, Belgium). Biogeochemistry 2009, 96, 49–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, B.; Liu, S.M. Dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica and the recalculated silicon balance of the East China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conley, D.J.; Schelske, C.L.; Stoermer, E.F. Modification of the biogeochemical cycle of silica with eutrophication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1993, 101, 179–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, R.E.; Rabalais, N.N.; Justic, D.; Dortch, Q. Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in large rivers. Biogeochemistry 2003, 64, 297–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.B.; Mi, W.J.; Hu, Z.Y.; Bi, Y.H. Effects of the Three Gorges Dam on spatiotemporal distribution of silicon in the tributary: Evidence from the Xiangxi River. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 4645–4653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, J.M.; Qu, B.X.; Li, X.G.; Yuan, H.M.; Li, N.; Duan, L.Q. Carbon sinks/sources in the Yellow and East China Seas—Air-sea interface exchange, dissolution in seawater, and burial in sediments. Sci. China Earth 2018, 6, 1583–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tréguer, P.J.; Rocha, C.L.D.L. The world ocean silica cycle. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2013, 5, 477–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frings, P.J.; Clymans, W.; Fontorbe, G.; de La Rocha, C.L.; Conley, D.J. The continental Si cycle and its impact on the ocean Si isotope budget. Chem. Geol. 2016, 425, 12–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sutton, J.N.; André, L.; Cardinal, D.; Conley, D.J.; de Souza, G.F.; Dean, J.; Dodd, J.; Ehlert, C.; Ellwood, M.J.; Frings, P.J. A review of the stable isotope biogeochemistry of the global silicon cycle and its associated trace elements. Front. Earth Sci. 2018, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Amann, T.; Weiss, A.; Hartmann, J. Silica fluxes in the inner Elbe estuary, Germany. Biogeochemistry 2014, 118, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Billen, G.; Lancelot, C.; Meybeck, M. N, P, and Si retention along the aquatic continuum from land to ocean. In Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change; Mantoua, R.F.C., Martin, J.M., Wollast, R., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1991; pp. 19–44. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Y.M.; Song, J.M. Biogeochemistry of nitrogen phosphorus and silicon near the ocean sediment-seawater interface. Geol. Rev. 2001, 47, 527–534. [Google Scholar]
- Durr, H.H.; Meybeck, M.; Hartmann, J.; Laruelle, G.G.; Roubeix, V. Global spatial distribution of natural riverine silica inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeosciences 2011, 8, 597–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Justic, D.; Rabalais, N.N.; Turner, R.E.; Dortch, Q. Changes in nutrient structure of river-dominated coastal waters: Stoichiometric nutrient balance and its consequences. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 1995, 40, 339–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.M.; Zhang, J.; Chen, S.Z.; Chen, H.T.; Hong, H.; Wei, H.; Wu, Q.M. Inventory of nutrient compounds in the Yellow Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 2003, 23, 1161–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robert, G.B. Behaviour of dissolved silica, and estuarine/coastal mixing and exchange processes at Tairua Harbour, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Fresh 1994, 28, 55–68. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.; Liu, S.M.; Ren, J.L.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, G.L. Nutrient gradients from the eutrophic Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary to the oligotrophic Kuroshio waters and revaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf. Prog. Oceanogr. 2007, 74, 449–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Elia, C.F.; Nelson, D.M.; Boynton, W.R. Chesapeake Bay nutrient and plankton dynamics: III. The annual cycle of dissolved silicon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 1983, 47, 1945–1955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maavara, T.; Akbarzadeh, Z.; Cappellen, P.V. Global dam-driven changes to riverine N:P:Si ratios delivered to the coastal ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2020, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meunier, J.D.; Braun, J.J.; Riotte, J.; Kumar, C.; Sekhar, M. Importance of weathering and human perturbations on the riverine transport of Si. Appl. Geochem. 2011, 26, S360–S362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Struyf, E.; Smis, A.; van Damme, S.; Garnier, J.; Govers, G.; Van Wesemael, B.; Conley, D.J.; Batelaan, O.; Frot, E.; Clymans, W. Historical land use change has lowered terrestrial silica mobilization. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1, 129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, N.; Wu, Y.; Wu, J.; Yan, X.; Hong, H. Natural and human influences on dissolved silica export from watershed to coast in Southeast China. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2014, 119, 95–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humborg, C.; Smedberg, E.; Rodriguez-Medina, M.; Mörth, C.-M. Changes in dissolved silicate loads to the Baltic Sea—The effects of lakes and reservoirs. J. Mar. Syst. 2008, 73, 223–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humborg, C.; Ittekkot, V.; Cociasu, A.; Bodungen, B.V. Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. Nature 1997, 386, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humborg, C.; Pastuszak, M.; Aigars, J.; Siegmund, H.; Morth, C.-M.; Ittekot, V. Decreased silica land–sea fluxes through damming in the Baltic Sea catchment—Significance of particle trapping and hydrological alterations. Biogeochemistry 2006, 77, 265–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ran, X.B.; Yu, Z.G.; Chen, H.T.; Zhang, X.Q.; Guo, H.B. Silicon and sediment transport of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River): Could the Three Gorges Reservoir be a filter? Environ. Earth Sci. 2013, 70, 1881–1893. [Google Scholar]
- Li, M.T.; Cheng, H.Q. Changes of dissolved silicate flux from the Changjiang River into sea and its influence since late 50 years. China Environ. Sci. 2001, 21, 193–197. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Y.P.; Zhang, Y.M.; Li, F.F.; Tan, L.J.; Wang, J.T. Nutrients structure changes impact the competition and succession between diatom and dinoflagellate in the East China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 574, 499–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Billen, G.; Garnier, J. River basin nutrient delivery to the coastal sea: Assessing its potential to sustain new production of non-siliceous algae. Mar. Chem. 2007, 106, 148–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Ruan, H.M.; Dai, P.D.; Zhao, L.R.; Zhang, J.B. Spatiotemporal river flux and composition of nutrients affecting adjacent coastal water quality in Hainan Island, China. J. Hydrol. 2020, 591, 125293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Wei, L.R.; Lai, J.Y.; Dai, P.D.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.B. Concentration, composition and fluxes of land-based nitrogen and phosphorus source pollutants input into Zhanjiang Bay in Summer. J. Guangdong Ocean Univ. 2019, 39, 46–55. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, P.; Peng, C.H.; Zhang, J.B.; Zou, Z.B.; Shi, Y.Z.; Zhao, L.R.; Zhao, H. Spatiotemporal urea distribution, sources, and indication of DON bioavailability in Zhanjiang Bay, China. Water 2020, 12, 633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, P.; Peng, C.H.; Zhang, J.B.; Zhang, J.X.; Chen, J.Y.; Zhao, L.R.; Zhao, H. Long-term red tide outbreaks, nutrient pattern under the climate change and anthropogenic pressures in the Zhanjiang Bay, China. 2020; unpublished. [Google Scholar]
- Fu, D.; Zhong, Y.; Chen, F.; Yu, G.; Zhang, X. Analysis of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in Zhanjiang Bay and the adjacent sea area in spring. Sustainability 2020, 12, 889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shi, Y.Z.; Zhang, Y.B.; Sun, S.L. Spatiotemporal distribution of eutrophication and its relationship with environmental factors in Zhanjiang Sea Bay Area. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 38, 90–96, 122. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.; Zang, J.; Bouwman, L.; Liu, S.; Yu, Z.; Ran, X. Distribution and budget of dissolved and biogenic silica in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Biogeochemistry 2016, 130, 85–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision. GB17378.4—The Specification for Marine Monitoring Part 4: Seawater Analysis; China Standards Press: Beijing, China, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- MEPC. Technical Specifications Requirements for Monitoring of Surface Water and Waste Water; Standards Press of China: Beijing, China, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Water Resources, People’s Republic of China. Code for Liquid Flow Measurement in Open Channels: GB50179-93; Standards Press of China: Beijing, China, 2005.
- Liu, S.M.; Ye, X.W.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, G.S.; Wu, Y. The silicon balance in Jiaozhou Bay, North China. J. Mar. Syst. 2008, 74, 639–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grasshoff, K.; Kremling, K.; Ehrhardt, M. (Eds.) Methods of Seawater Analysis, 3rd ed.; Wiley: Weinheim, Germany, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Schlitzer, R. Interactive analysis and visualization of geoscience data with ocean data view. Comput. Geosci. 2002, 28, 1211–1218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, L.R.; Shi, Y.Z.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, J.B.; Sun, X.L. Residues and sources of HCHs and DDTs in the sediments of land-based sewage outlet to the Zhanjiang Bay, China. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2019, 38, 8–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, L.; Zhang, M.M.; Yao, H.Y.; Liu, Y.L.; Jiang, H.H.; Sha, J.J. An analysis of nutrient structure and limitation changes in Jiaozhou Bay in recent years. Trans. Oceanol. Limnol. 2018, 6, 61–68. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, S.Q.; Chen, J.F.; Jin, H.Y.; Wang, K.; Lu, Y.; Li, H.L.; Chen, F.J. Characteristics of nutrients and eutrophication in the Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters. J. Mar. Sci. 2019, 29, 36–47. [Google Scholar]
- Satinder, P.S.; Sunil, K.S.; Ravi, B.; Vinai, K.R. Dissolved silicon and its isotopes in the water column of the Bay of Bengal: Internal cycling versus lateral transport. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 151, 172–191. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, Z.; Huang, X.P. Structure of N, P, Si and their temporal-spatial distribution in Daya Bay, South China. Mar. Environ. Sci. 2013, 32, 916–921. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, P.X.; Zhang, Z.H.; Hao, L.H.; Wang, B.; Wang, Z.L.; Liu, P.; Lian, Y.; Chang, Z.Y.; Xie, L.P. Analysis of nutrient distributions and potential eutrophication in seawater of the Sanggou Bay. Adv. Mar. Sci. 2007, 29, 436–445. [Google Scholar]
- Xie, L.P.; Pu, X.M.; Sun, X.; Wang, B.D. Analysis on the temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients and the influence factors in Rongcheng Bay. Mar. Sci. Bull. 2013, 32, 19–27. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.B.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, J.B.; Sun, X.L. Evaluation on temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients and potential eutrophication in Shenzhen Bay. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 2010, 19, 253–261. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Z.F.; Xu, Y.L.; He, J. Influences of long-term reclamation works on hydrodynamic environment in Zhanjiang Bay. Hydro Sci. Eng. 2016, 3, 96–104. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.H.; Wang, Y.J.; Shi, Y.J.; Liu, D.Y.; Wang, Y.X.; Tian, H.L.; Cheng, L. Spatial and temporal distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll-a, and their influential factors in Caofeidian coastal waters. J. Mar. Environ. Sci. 2020, 39, 89–98. [Google Scholar]
- Gu, W.Y.; Chen, H.T.; Yao, Q.Z.; Zhang, X.L. Seasonal variation and fluxes of dissolved nutrients in the lower reaches of the Huanghe. J. Ocean Univ. China 2017, 47, 74–79, 86. [Google Scholar]
- Song, X.X.; Yu, Z.M.; Yin, K.D.; Qian, P.Y. Temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients and Chl-a in the coastal area of Hong Kong. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 2013, 44, 846–852. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, P.X.; Wang, B.; Zhang, C.H.; Wang, Z.L.; Xia, B. Relationship between nutrient distributions and eutrophication in seawater of the Laizhou Bay. J. Adv. Mar. Sci. 2006, 24, 329–335. [Google Scholar]
- Papush, L.; Danielsson, Å. Silicon in the marine environment: Dissolved silica trends in the Baltic Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 67, 53–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conley, D.J.; Malone, T.C. Annual cycle of dissolved silicate in Chesapeake Bay: Implications for the production and fate of phytoplankton biomass. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 81, 121–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Correll, D.L.; Jordan, T.E.; Weller, D. Dissolved silicate dynamics of the Rhode River watershed and estuary. Estuaries 2000, 23, 188–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamatani, A.; Takano, M. The behavior of dissolved silica during the mixing of river and sea waters in Tokyo Bay. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 1984, 19, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cloern, J.E.; Jassby, A.D.; Schraga, T.S.; Nejad, E.; Martin, C. Ecosystem variability along the estuarine salinity gradient: Examples from long-term study of San Francisco Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2017, 62, S272–S291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kubo, A.; Yamahira, N. Super typhoon induced high silica export from Arakawa River, Japan. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2020, 27, 36838–36844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gong, Y.Y.; Zhang, C.X.; Sun, X.L. Spatiotemporal distribution pattern of Chaetoceros community in Zhanjang Bay and affecting factors. Chin. J. Ecol. 2011, 30, 2026–2033. [Google Scholar]
- Maguire, T.J.; Fulweiler, R.W. Fate and effect of dissolved silicon within wastewater treatment effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 7403–7411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Redfield, A.C.; Ketchum, B.H.; Richards, F.A. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. In The Sea; Hill, M.N., Ed.; John Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1963; Volume 2, pp. 26–77. [Google Scholar]
- Brzezinski, M.A. The Si: C: N ratio of marine diatoms: Interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables. J. Phycol. 1985, 21, 347–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Danielsson, Å.; Papush, L.; Rahm, L. Changing the Baltic Sea as a consequence of alterations in nutrient limitations. J. Mar. Syst. 2008, 73, 263–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, T.R.; Peele, E.R.; Ammerman, J.W.; Harding, L.W., Jr. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 82, 51–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raguneau, O.; Schultes, S.; Bidle, K.; Claquin, P.; Moriceau, B. Si and C interactions in the world ocean: Importance of ecological processes and implications for the role of diatoms in the biological pump. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2006, 20, GB4S02. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Station | Estuaries and Sewage Outlets | Longitude/° | Latitude/° |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | Donghai island aquaculture sewage outlet 1 | 110.347778 | 21.073889 |
S2 | Donghai island aquaculture sewage outlet 2 | 110.401667 | 21.086389 |
S3 | Hongxing estuary | 110.4175 | 21.060278 |
S4 | Nanliu river estuary | 110.3825 | 21.151944 |
S5 | Lvtang river estuary | 110.414722 | 21.212778 |
S6 | Wenbao river estuary | 110.397222 | 21.253056 |
S7 | Jinsha Bay sewage outlet | 110.391944 | 21.270278 |
S8 | Sewage outlet of flood control sluice in Binhu park | 110.391389 | 21.279167 |
S9 | Suixi river estuary | 110.388056 | 21.392778 |
S10 | Sewage outlet of flood control sluice in Dengta park | 110.433056 | 21.253611 |
S11 | Potou primary school estuary | 110.448056 | 21.239722 |
Study Area | Survey Time | Average Concentration of DSi (μmol·L−1) | Range of DSi Concentration (μmol·L−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shenzhen Bay | 2008 | 1747 ± 3216 | 1035–5382 | [60] |
Rongcheng Bay | 2009 | 6.62 | 1.36–13.80 | [59] |
Hangzhou Bay | 2006–2007 | 44.86 | 11.74–81.59 | [55] |
Caofeidian coastal water | 2013.08– 2014.05 | 0.71–9.52 | [62] | |
Huanghe | 2010.04– 2011.03 | 118.10 | 92.50–146.00 | [63] |
Sanggou Bay | 2003.08– 2004.07 | 2.86 | 0.07–32.56 | [58] |
The Yangtze | 2005 | 73–100 | [36] | |
Bay of Bengal | 2014 | 0.6–152.5 | [56] | |
Jiulong River | 2013 | 11.62 | 0.05–47.81 | [64] |
Daya Bay | 2006.07– 2007.11 | 13.20 | [57] | |
Laizhou Bay | 2001 | 11.31 | 1.00–52.08 | [65] |
Jiaozhou Bay | 2013–2014 | 0.71–42.14 | [54] | |
Bothnian Bay | 1970–2001 | 27.62 ± 2.53 | [66] | |
Gulf of Finland | 1970–2001 | 11.82 ± 3.33 | [66] | |
Chesapeake Bay | 1984–1988 | 0.8–93 | [67] | |
Rhode River, Chesapeake Bay | 1984–1998 and 1971–1972 | 270 | [68] | |
Tokyo Bay and estuary | 1979–1980 | 10–300 | [69] | |
San Francisco Bay | 1988–2015 | 25–275 | [70] | |
ZJB (Coastal water) | 2019 | 20.86 ± 13.14 | 3.57–56.42 | This study |
ZJB (Land-based sources) | 2019 | 138.89 ± 113.78 | 21.52–456.80 | This study |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, P.; Xu, J.-L.; Zhang, J.-B.; Li, J.-X.; Zhang, Y.-C.; Li, Y.; Luo, X.-Q. Spatiotemporal Dissolved Silicate Variation, Sources, and Behavior in the Eutrophic Zhanjiang Bay, China. Water 2020, 12, 3586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123586
Zhang P, Xu J-L, Zhang J-B, Li J-X, Zhang Y-C, Li Y, Luo X-Q. Spatiotemporal Dissolved Silicate Variation, Sources, and Behavior in the Eutrophic Zhanjiang Bay, China. Water. 2020; 12(12):3586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123586
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Peng, Jia-Lei Xu, Ji-Biao Zhang, Jian-Xu Li, Yan-Chan Zhang, Yi Li, and Xin-Qi Luo. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Dissolved Silicate Variation, Sources, and Behavior in the Eutrophic Zhanjiang Bay, China" Water 12, no. 12: 3586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123586