Reconstruction of River Topography for 3D Hydrodynamic Modelling Using Surveyed Cross-Sections: An Improved Algorithm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Algorithm Definitions
2.2. Procedure for River DEM Reconstruction
- Step 1
- Data preparation. Preliminary treatment is carried out to obtain the desirable input data, i.e., the surveyed cross-sectional data and floodplain DEM data from the LiDAR survey or other freely accessible source. Use coordinate conversion to make sure the two datasets have the same georeferencing, if needed.
- Step 2
- Thalweg and river banks identification. Pick out the lowest points of every cross-section as the initial discrete thalweg. Left and right river banks are either extracted from the floodplain DEM or manually depicted using a map provider such as Google Maps.
- Step 3
- Thalweg digitization. Filter the coordinates of the initial thalweg points to smooth the data and reduce the noise introduced by manual selection, then use cubic splines to fit the filtered thalweg points. After that, resample the S axis with a large number of vertices equidistant from each other, to parameterize the S axis.
- Step 4
- Bank line resampling. Use cubic splines to parameterize the sequence of points representing the river bank, then resample the bank line into equally spaced vertices finer than the resampled S axis, to ensure the successful calculation of channel widths.
- Step 5
- Calculation of the (s, n) coordinates and DCW processing. As shown in Figure 1b, calculate normal vectors at adjacent vertices and to compose the blue dotted searching window of the S axis segment [, ]. Inside the window calculate the mean distance of all bank line points to the S axis as the right half channel width corresponding to this segment [, ]. Then compute the (s, n) coordinates of each cross-section point captured inside the window and implement DCW processing. Take point as an example, the s coordinate denoted as is the curvilinear length from the S–N origin (, ) to the intersection of normal vector and S axis; the dimensionless n coordinate of could be denoted by .
- Step 6
- Linear interpolation. Linearly interpolate the (s, n, z) coordinates of all the cross-section points inside the regular river channel bounded by and to obtain the raster or regular mesh representing the riverbed topography with dimensionless channel widths.
- Step 7
- Backward transformation. Transform the coordinates of all the nodes back into (x, y, z) to acquire the riverbed topography under the real-world Cartesian system. A finite difference approach was used to acquire the functions below for calculating the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) of an arbitrary point inside the rectangular river channel with known (s, n) coordinates.
- Step 8
- Merging with floodplain DEM. Cut out the elements between left and right river banks in the floodplain DEM and then merge them with the generated riverbed point cloud; these two datasets would perfectly meld with each other since they share the same boundary owing to DCW processing. Now a new DEM including both submerged and floodplain topography is created, ready for a wide utilization in hydrological and hydrodynamic numerical modelling.
3. Benchmark Test
3.1. Benchmark Description
3.2. Reconstruction of Baxter River Channel Topography
3.2.1. Thalweg and River Banks Digitization
3.2.2. Coordinates Transformation and DCW Processing
3.2.3. Interpolation and Backward Transformation
3.3. Algorithm Performance Evaluation
4. Application in 3D Hydrodynamic Modelling
4.1. New DEM Generation
4.2. Model Description
4.3. Results Validation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dutta, D.; Alam, J.; Umeda, K.; Hayashi, M.; Hironaka, S. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for flood inundation simulation: A case study in the lower Mekong river basin. Hydrol. Process. 2007, 21, 1223–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, X.; Lee, B.J.; Fettweis, M.; Toorman, E.A. A tri-modal flocculation model coupled with TELEMAC for estuarine muds both in the laboratory and in the field. Water Res. 2018, 145, 473–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, S.C.; Boriah, V. Modeling Algae Growth in an Open-Channel Raceway. J. Comput. Biol. 2010, 17, 895–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chung, S.W.; Hipsey, M.R.; Imberger, J. Modelling the propagation of turbid density inflows into a stratified lake: Daecheong Reservoir, Korea. Environ. Modell. Softw. 2009, 24, 1467–1482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tu, T.; Carr, K.J.; Ercan, A.; Trinh, T.; Kavvas, M.L.; Nosacka, J. Assessment of the effects of multiple extreme floods on flow and transport processes under competing flood protection and environmental management strategies. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 607, 613–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Legleiter, C.J.; Kyriakidis, P.C.; McDonald, R.R.; Nelson, J.M. Effects of uncertain topographic input data on two-dimensional flow modeling in a gravel-bed river. Water Resour. Res. 2011, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papaioannou, G.; Loukas, A.; Vasiliades, L.; Aronica, G.T. Flood inundation mapping sensitivity to riverine spatial resolution and modelling approach. Nat. Hazards 2016, 831, S117–S132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabus, B.; Eineder, M.; Roth, A.; Bamler, R. The shuttle radar topography mission—A new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. 2003, 57, 241–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X. Airborne LiDAR for DEM generation: Some critical issues. Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ. 2008, 32, 31–49. [Google Scholar]
- Ostrowski, P.; Falkowski, T. Application of Remote Sensing Methods to Study the Relief of Lowland River Valleys with a Complex Geological Structure—A Case Study of the Bug River. Water 2020, 12, 487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Walicka, A.; Jóźków, G.; Kasprzak, M.; Borkowski, A. Terrestrial Laser Scanning for the Detection of Coarse Grain Size Movement in a Mountain Riverbed. Water 2019, 11, 2199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Glenn, J.; Tonina, D.; Morehead, M.D.; Fiedler, F.; Benjankar, R. Effect of transect location, transect spacing and interpolation methods on river bathymetry accuracy. Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 2016, 41, 1185–1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanders, B.F. Evaluation of on-line DEMs for flood inundation modeling. Adv. Water. Resour. 2007, 30, 1831–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Philpot, W.D. Using airborne bathymetric lidar to detect bottom type variation in shallow waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 106, 123–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heritage, G.L.; Milan, D.J.; Large, A.R.G.; Fuller, I.C. Influence of survey strategy and interpolation model on DEM quality. Geomorphology 2009, 112, 334–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merwade, V.M.; Maidment, D.R.; Hodges, B.R. Geospatial Representation of River Channels. J. Hydrol. Eng. 2005, 10, 243–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Merwade, V.M.; Maidment, D.R.; Goff, J.A. Anisotropic considerations while interpolating river channel bathymetry. J. Hydrol. 2006, 331, 731–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dysarz, T. Development of RiverBox—An ArcGIS Toolbox for River Bathymetry Reconstruction. Water 2018, 10, 1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Legleiter, C.J.; Kyriakidis, P.C. Forward and Inverse Transformations between Cartesian and Channel-fitted Coordinate Systems for Meandering Rivers. Math. Geol. 2007, 38, 927–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caviedes-Voullième, D.; Morales-Hernández, M.; López-Marijuan, I.; García-Navarro, P. Reconstruction of 2D river beds by appropriate interpolation of 1D cross-sectional information for flood simulation. Environ. Model. Softw. 2014, 61, 206–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falcão, A.P.; Matias, M.P.; Pestana, R.; Gonçalves, A.B.; Heleno, S. Methodology to Combine Topography and Bathymetry Data Sets for Hydrodynamic Simulations: Case of Tagus River. J. Surv. Eng. 2016, 142, 5016005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schaeppi, B.; Perona, P.; Schneider, P.; Burlando, P. Integrating river cross section measurements with digital terrain models for improved flow modelling applications. Comput. Geosci. 2010, 36, 707–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, J.D.; Mclean, S.R. A Model for Flow in Meandering Streams. Water Resour. Res. 1984, 20, 1301–1315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- >FLOODS, GEYSERS & SMART/GREEN SYSTEM | Research Group. Available online: https://web.eng.fiu.edu/arleon/Teaching_unsteady_rivers.html (accessed on 14 October 2020).
- Schafer, R.W. What Is a Savitzky-Golay Filter? IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 2011, 28, 111–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model. Available online: https://gdemdl.aster.jspacesystems.or.jp/index_en.html (accessed on 11 November 2020).
- Jin, J.; Wells, S.A.; Liu, D.; Yang, G.; Zhu, S.; Ma, J.; Yang, Z. Effects of water level fluctuation on thermal stratification in a typical tributary bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. PeerJ 2019, 7, e6925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Long, L.; Xu, H.; Ji, D.; Cui, Y.; Liu, D.; Song, L. Characteristic of the water temperature lag in Three Gorges Reservoir and its effect on the water temperature structure of tributaries. Environ. Earth Sci. 2016, 75, 1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, J.; Liu, D.; Wells, S.A.; Tang, H.; Ji, D.; Yang, Z. Modeling density currents in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Ecol. Model. 2015, 296, 113–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Liu, D.; Johnson, D.M.; Yi, Z.; Huang, Y. Effects of vertical mixing on phytoplankton blooms in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for management. Water Res. 2012, 46, 2121–2130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.; Cheng, B.; Xu, Y.; Liu, D.; Ma, J.; Ji, D. Stable isotopes in water indicate sources of nutrients that drive algal blooms in the tributary bay of a subtropical reservoir. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 634, 205–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, D.; Wells, S.A.; Yang, Z.; Liu, D.; Huang, Y.; Ma, J.; Berger, C.J. Impacts of water level rise on algal bloom prevention in the tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Ecol. Eng. 2017, 98, 70–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, J.; Jiang, D.; Dai, H. Spatial–temporal hydrodynamic and algal bloom modelling analysis of a reservoir tributary embayment. J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 2015, 9, 200–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hervouet, J.M. Equations of free surface hydrodynamics. In Hydrodynamics of Free Surface Flows: Modelling with the Finite Element Method; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: London, UK, 2007; pp. 7–18. [Google Scholar]
- Open TELEMAC-MASCARET. Available online: http://opentelemac.org/ (accessed on 11 November 2020).
- China Three Gorges Corporation. Available online: https://www.ctg.com.cn/en/ (accessed on 11 November 2020).
Name | Number of Points Used | Segment Length (Meter) |
---|---|---|
thalweg | 5001 | 0.34 |
left bank | 22,001 | 0.048 |
right bank | 40,001 | 0.048 |
Scenario | MAE (m) | RMSE (m) |
---|---|---|
DLI | 0.636 | 1.09 |
CST | 0.173 | 0.38 |
CST+DCW | 0.106 | 0.17 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Song, Y.; Huang, J.; Toorman, E.; Yang, G. Reconstruction of River Topography for 3D Hydrodynamic Modelling Using Surveyed Cross-Sections: An Improved Algorithm. Water 2020, 12, 3539. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123539
Song Y, Huang J, Toorman E, Yang G. Reconstruction of River Topography for 3D Hydrodynamic Modelling Using Surveyed Cross-Sections: An Improved Algorithm. Water. 2020; 12(12):3539. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123539
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Yunhao, Jinfeng Huang, Erik Toorman, and Guolu Yang. 2020. "Reconstruction of River Topography for 3D Hydrodynamic Modelling Using Surveyed Cross-Sections: An Improved Algorithm" Water 12, no. 12: 3539. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123539