Water Level Prediction of Emergency Groundwater Source and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment in Nantong City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Topographic Features
2.3. Geological Setting
2.4. Hydrogeological Conditions
- (1)
- Aquifer types
- a.
- The phreatic aquifer
- b.
- The first confined aquifer
- c.
- The second confined aquifer
- d.
- The third confined aquifer
- (2)
- Recharge, runoff, and discharge of groundwater
3. Methods
3.1. Numerical Method
3.2. Model Calibration Method
3.3. Conceptual Model
- (1)
- Model Scope
- (2)
- Initial and Boundary Conditions
3.4. Field Tests and Parameters Determination
- (1)
- Permeability test in streambed sediments
- (2)
- Pumping tests
- (3)
- Determination of Influence Radius
3.5. Model Calibration
4. Results Analysis and Discussion
4.1. Prediction of Groundwater Level during Pumping and Recovery Tests
- (1)
- Prediction of groundwater level during pumping
- (2)
- Prediction of groundwater level during recovery tests
4.2. Impact of Emergency Water Sources on the Surrounding Environment during Operation
- (1)
- Analysis of impact on Tonglu Canal
- (2)
- Analysis of impact on the surrounding residential wells
- (3)
- Analysis of impact on the second confined aquifer
- (4)
- Analysis of impact on land subsidence
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- According to the vertical standpipe test, the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed sediments was 0.05 m/day, and the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was 1.0–5.0 m/day obtained through the pumping test. These parameters were taken as the initial values of the model parameters. Based on the water level of the pumping test and the calculated water level, the established numerical model was calibrated. The calibrated model was used to predict the changes in the groundwater level during pumping and water level recovery.
- (2)
- Numerical results show that the groundwater level at the pumping well had the largest drawdown and a cone of depression was formed there. After seven days of pumping, the water level in the center of the depression cone ranged from −51 to −55 m and compared with the initial water level, the water level dropped by 29 to 32 m. Among them, the J5-J9 located in the center of the multi-well had the largest drawdown, and the water level at the other pumping wells had a small drawdown, which was consistent with the results of the analytical solution; In addition, during water level recovery, the water level of pumping wells and its surroundings rose rapidly, which was a difference of about 0.28 m from the initial water level after 30 days, indicating that the groundwater level had recovered to the state before pumping.
- (3)
- The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed sediments calculated by the vertical standpipe test was small, indicating that the Tonglu Canal had a certain hydraulic connection with the phreatic water. However, the emergency groundwater source was located at the third confined aquifer which was buried depth, and there were three aquitards between phreatic water and third confined water; therefore, the pumping in the third confined aquifer had no impact on the Tonglu Canal. The residential wells around the emergency water source are shallow and generally distributed in the phreatic aquifer. When pumping in the third confined aquifer, the hydraulic connection between phreatic water and the third confined aquifer was weak, so it would not cause any apparent drawdown in the residential wells. The numerical results also showed that the water level in the second confined aquifer had not changed after 7 days of pumping, and was not affected by the pumping results of the third confined aquifer. During the operation of the emergency groundwater source for seven days, the groundwater level in the center of the depression cone dropped to about −55.82 m, which exceeded the warning water level (namely, −35 m) by 20.82 m. If this is maintained for a long time, the water level will be difficult to recover and may cause land subsidence. However, this project has been operating for less than seven days, and the water level recovers quickly, so the change of water level in a short time will not lead to large land subsidence and has little impact on the surrounding environment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Carrard, N.; Foster, T.; Willetts, J. Groundwater as a Source of drinking water in southeast Asia and the Pacific: A multi-country review of current reliance and resource concerns. Water 2019, 11, 1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, Y.; Wu, F.P.; Chen, Y.P. Emergency reserved water demand estimation for public events of accidental water source pollution. J. Nat. Resour. 2013, 28, 1426–1437. [Google Scholar]
- Scawthorn, C.; Ballantyne, D.B.; Blackburn, F. Emergency water supply needs lessons from recent disasters. In Water Supply; Tokyo, Japan, 15–18 November 1998; IWA Publishing: London, UK, 2000; Volume 18, pp. 69–77. [Google Scholar]
- Vizintin, G.; Ravbar, N.; Janez, J.; Koren, E.; Janez, N.; Zini, L.; Treu, F.; Petric, M. Integration of models of various types of aquifers for water quality management in the transboundary area of the Soca/Isonzo river basin (Slovenia/Italy). Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 619, 1214–1225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, S.; Huang, B.; Guo, B. Water Environment Prediction and Evaluation on Reservoir Dredging and Source Conservation Project-Case Study of Duihekou Reservoir. In Communications in Computer and Information Science, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem (GRMSE), Wuhan, China, 16–18 October 2015; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; Volume 569, pp. 520–524. [Google Scholar]
- Sheriff, J.D.; Lawson, J.D.; Askew, T.E.A. Strategic resource development options in England and Wales. Water Environ. J. 1996, 10, 160–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, H.B.; Zhang, T.M.; Hu, C.Y.; Long, L.Y. Calculation of ecological compensation for water sources for water diversion projects. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2016, 39, 12004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, G.Q.; Li, Y.; Jiang, Y.H.; Liu, H.Y.; Jin, Y. A discussion of the emergency groundwater supply mode in Ningbo City-Dasong River Basin as an example. Yangtze River 2020, 9, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, Z.W.; Li, Z.C.; Wang, H.L. Simulation of seepage field under an emergency condition of groundwater supply at Maanshan City. J. Water Resour. Archit. Eng. 2020, 18, 244–249. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, H.H.; Dong, Y.N.; Xing, L.T.; Lan, X.X.; Yang, L.Z.; Liu, Z.Z.; Bian, N.F. Protection of the Liuzheng water source: A Karst WATER system in Dawu, Zibo, China. Water 2019, 11, 698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tu, L.Q. Estimate of urban emergency water source in Xincai County. Ground Water 2020, 42, 91–93. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Mao, L.; Gong, X.L.; Ye, S.J.; Liu, Y.; LI, J. Risk prediction of groundwater emergency water sources in Nantong Binhai new area. J. Water Resour. Water Eng. 2019, 30, 100–106. [Google Scholar]
- Tu, S.B. Study on groundwater emergency water source in Huadu District, Guangzhou. Ground Water 2019, 41, 11–13. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Y.; Yue, Y.H.; Liu, Z.G.; Cai, Z.C.; Zheng, T. Evaluation on the groundwater resource in riverside emergency water source based on GMS. Geol. Resour. 2019, 28, 72–77. [Google Scholar]
- De Melo, M.T.C.; Fernandes, J.; Midoes, C.; Amaral, H.; Almeida, C.C.; Da Silva, M.A.M.; Mendonca, J.J. Identification and management of strategic groundwater bodies for emergency situations in Portugal. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo, Norway, 6–14 August 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Michalko, J.; Kordík, J.; Bodiš, D.; Malík, P.; Černák, R.; Bottlik, F.; Veis, P.; Grolmusová, Z. Identification and management of strategic groundwater bodies for emergency situations in Bratislava District, Slovak Republic. In Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the Ground-Water-Division of the Geological-Society-of-South-Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, 10–12 October 2011; CRC Press: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 19, pp. 165–178. [Google Scholar]
- Schwecke, M.; Simons, B.; Maheshwari, B.; Ramsay, G. Integrating alternative water sources in urbanized environments. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Sustainable Irrigation Management, Technologies and Policies, Univ. Alicante, Alicante, Spain, 11–13 June 2008; WIT Press: Southampton, UK, 2008; pp. 351–359. [Google Scholar]
- Verjus, P. Albian-Neocomien Underground Water Resources. How to Safeguard and Manage an Emergency Strategic Resource for Drinking Water; Societe Hydrotechnique de France: Paris, France, 2003; pp. 51–56. [Google Scholar]
- Lowry, T.S.; Bright, J.C.; Close, M.E.; Robb, C.A.; White, P.A.; Cameron, S. Management gaps analysis: A case study of groundwater resource management in New Zealand. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 2003, 19, 579–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merz, C.; Lischeid, G. Multivariate analysis to assess the impact of irrigation on groundwater quality. Environ. Earth Sci. 2019, 78, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrillo-Rivera, J.J.; Cardona, A.; Huizar-Alvarez, R.; Graniel, E. Response of the interaction between groundwater and other components of the environment in Mexico. Environ. Geol. 2008, 55, 303–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.F.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.Z.; Liu, J.R.; Wang, X. Impact of South to North Water Diversion on groundwater recovery in Beijing. China Water Resour. 2019, 7, 26–30. [Google Scholar]
- Meng, Y.; Zheng, X.; Qi, S.; Mingtang, L.; Zhuojun, L.; Long, J. Safe pumping in areas prone to karst collapses: A case study of the urban emergency water source of the Guanghua basin in the Pearl River Delta. Carsologica Sin. 2019, 38, 924–929. [Google Scholar]
- Amar, P.K. Ensuring safe water in post-chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear emergencies. J. Pharm. BioAllied Sci. 2010, 2, 253–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lan, Y.; Jin, M.G.; Yan, C.; Zou, Y.Q. Schemes of groundwater exploitation for emergency water supply and their environmental impacts on Jiujiang City, China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2015, 73, 2365–2376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, C.L.; Chi, B.M.; Liu, Z.P. City’s emergency water source field in north China with the example of Changchun City. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2012, 12, 474–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, H.H.; Zhou, J.W.; Jia, C.; Yang, S.; Wu, J.; Yang, L.Z.; Wei, Z.R.; Liu, H.W.; Liu, Z.Z. Control effects of hydraulic interception wells on groundwater pollutant transport in the Dawu water source area. Water 2019, 11, 1663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, P.B.; Wang, C.; Zhang, W.; Liu, W.F.; Sun, J.H.; Wang, X.Y.; Lei, X.H.; Wang, H. Urban multi-source water supply in China: Variation tendency, modeling methods and challenges. Water 2020, 12, 1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Niu, Z. Reservoir-Type water source vulnerability assessment: A case study of the Yuqiao Reservoir, China. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2016, 61, 1291–1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mussá, F.E.F.; Zhou, Y.; Maskey, S.; Masih, I.; Uhlenbrook, S. Groundwater as an emergency source for drought mitigation in the Crocodile River catchment, South Africa. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2015, 19, 1093–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bozek, F.; Bumbova, A.; Bakos, E.; Bozek, A.; Dvorak, J. Semi-Quantitative risk assessment of groundwater resources for emergency water supply. J. Risk Res. 2015, 18, 505–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capelli, G.; Salvati, M.; Petitta, M. Strategic groundwater resources in Northern Latium volcanic complexes (Italy): Identification criteria and purposeful management. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Unvi. Calif, Davis, CA, USA, 21–23 April 2000; IAHS Press: Wallingford, UK, 2001; Volume 272, pp. 411–416. [Google Scholar]
- Perfler, R.; Unterwainig, M.; Mayr, E.; Neunteufel, R. The security and quality of drinking water supply in Austria–Factors, present requirements and initiatives. Österreichische Wasser Abfallwirtsch 2007, 59, 125–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.L.; Li, F.; Liu, H.Z. Analysis on the emergency-type groundwater source fields of Qujing City in Yunnan. Adv. Mater. Res 2013, 610–613, 2653–2657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, G.X.; Shen, Y.Y.; Zhu, L.; Li, Y.; Xu, L. Evolution of groundwater flow field in Huairou emergency groundwater well field and its surrounding area under impacts of multiple factors. South North Water Transf. Water Sci. Technol. 2014, 12, 160–164. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, B.H.; Zhou, Q.S.; Pan, X.Q.; Lin, D.H. Research of emergency water source area construction and environmental effect evaluation for Shepan Island of Ningbo City. Water Resour. Prot. 2017, 33, 41–48. [Google Scholar]
- Ye, Y.; Xie, X.M.; Chai, F.X.; Zhao, Q.S. Research on groundwater emergency water source field of city. Water Resour. Power 2010, 28, 47–49. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.F. Research on Groundwater Emergency Source Field for Drinkingwater in Urban Jilin City. Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University, Changchun, China, June 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, C.J. Resources Evaluation on Groundwater of the Emergency Wellfield in the NORTH Wuqing District of Tianjin. Master’s Thesis, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, June 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, X.Y.; Gu, J.H. Advance in research on urban emergency management capability assessment at home and abroad. J. Nat. Disasters 2007, 16, 109–114. [Google Scholar]
- Polomcic, D.; Gligoric, Z.; Bajic, D.; Cvijovic, C. A hybrid model for forecasting groundwater levels based on fuzzy C-mean clustering and singular spectrum analysis. Water 2017, 9, 541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seyam, M.; Alagha, J.S.; Abunama, T.; Mogheir, Y.; Affam, A.C.; Heydari, M.; Ramlawi, K. Investigation of the influence of excess pumping on groundwater salinity in the Gaza Coastal Aquifer (Palestine) using three predicted future scenarios. Water 2020, 12, 2218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, F. Numerical Simulation of Ordovician Karst Water and Analysis of Environmental Effect of Groundwater Exploitation in Xishan, Beijing. Ph.D. Thesis, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China, May 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, G.C.; Zhou, Z.Y.; Yang, L.H.; Huang, W.P.; Wang, X.H. Anticipation of environmental effects and delimitation of emergency groundwater sources in Jiaxing. Bull. Sci. Technol. 2017, 33, 53–57. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, M.J.; Wang, S.Q.; Kong, X.L.; Zheng, W.B.; Feng, W.Z.; Zhang, X.F.; Yuan, R.Q.; Song, X.F.; Sprenger, M. Interaction of surface water and groundwater influenced by groundwater over-extraction, waste water discharge and water transfer in Xiong’an new area, China. Water 2019, 11, 539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, S.X.; Shen, H.T.; Zhao, J.K.; Wu, M.J. Geo-Environmental effects since the beginning of groundwater exploitation restriction in the Zhejiang coastal plain. J. Geol. Hazard Environ. Preserv. 2013, 24, 37–44. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.X.; Chen, Q.Q.; Zhang, J.Q.; Yang, S.Y.; Fan, D.L. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental changes in the Yangtze Delta during the Late Quaternary. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2000, 18, 453–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Q.; Luo, Z.; Howard, K.W.F.; Wang, Q. Evaluation of optimal aquifer yield in Nantong City, China, under land subsidence constraints. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. 2018, 51, 124–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diersch, H.-J. FEFLOW: Finite Element Modeling of Flow, Mass and Heat Transport in Porous and Fractured Media; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; p. 996. [Google Scholar]
- Huo, Z.L.; Feng, S.Y.; Kang, S.Z.; Cen, S.J.; Ma, Y. Simulation of effects of agricultural activities on groundwater level by combining FEFLOW and GIS. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 2007, 50, 839–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, Y.Q.; Xie, C.H. Numerical Simulation for Groundwater; China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.: Beijing, China, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.L. Measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy. Environ. Geol. 2000, 39, 1317–1324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, S.F.; Sheng, J.; He, T.J. The application of geophysical well logging in a hydrogeological survey in the Nantong area. Shanghai Land Resour. 2016, 37, 89–91. [Google Scholar]
Well Number | Static Level (m) | Dynamic Level (m) | Drawdown (m) | Pumping Rate (m3/day) | Water Temperature (°C) | Stable Time (h) | Recovery of Water Levels (m) | Recovery Time of Water Level (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J1 | −22.85 | −28.92 | 5.07 | 1920 | 22 | 25 | −22.95 | 3.5 |
J2 | −22.65 | −26.95 | 4.0 | 1920 | 22 | 25 | −22.85 | 3.5 |
a/b | 0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
η | 1.00 | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.18 |
Aquifer Types | Hydraulic Conductivity K (m/day) |
---|---|
Phreatic aquifer | 0.5–5.0 |
1st CA 1 | 1.0–5.0 |
2nd CA | 0.5–1.0 |
3rd CA | 1.0–5.0 |
Aquitard | 0.02–0.5 |
Aquifer Types | Hydraulic Conductivity(m/day) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Kxx | Kyy | Kzz | |
Phreatic aquifer | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.15 |
Aquitard | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.003 |
1st CA 1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.35 |
Aquitard | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 |
2nd CA | 5.0 | 5.0 | 0.5 |
Aquitard | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.003 |
3rd CA | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.48 |
Point Position | The Distances from the Boundary of the Water Source (m) | Groundwater Level after Pumping for a Certain Time (m) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 day | 3 days | 5 days | 7 days | ||
A | 200 | −26.41 | −32.21 | −36.90 | −38.56 |
B | 500 | −24.16 | −26.65 | −29.87 | −29.61 |
C | 800 | −23.65 | −24.11 | −24.53 | −25.48 |
D | 200 | −26.21 | −32.75 | −36.78 | −38.24 |
E | 500 | −24.21 | −26.76 | −29.70 | −29.56 |
F | 800 | −23.84 | −24.36 | −24.68 | −25.26 |
G | 200 | −25.35 | −29.89 | −32.16 | −34.32 |
H | 500 | −24.14 | −26.01 | −27.76 | −28.68 |
I | 800 | −23.92 | −24.18 | −24.49 | −24.71 |
J | 200 | −25.61 | −30.13 | −32.96 | −34.16 |
K | 500 | −24.12 | −26.14 | −27.69 | −28.54 |
L | 800 | −23.67 | −24.14 | −24.26 | −24.58 |
Point Position | The Distances from the Boundary of the Water Source (m) | Groundwater Level Recovery for a Certain Time (m) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 day | 5 days | 10 days | 15 days | 20 days | 30 days | ||
A | 200 | −37.68 | −32.67 | −28.90 | −26.48 | −24.37 | −23.26 |
B | 500 | −28.95 | −26.93 | −25.53 | −24.98 | −23.89 | −23.16 |
C | 800 | −24.72 | −24.29 | −23.96 | −23.74 | −23.22 | −23.04 |
D | 200 | −37.79 | −32.56 | −28.76 | −26.36 | −24.16 | −23.24 |
E | 500 | −29.04 | −26.83 | −25.52 | −24.85 | −23.73 | −23.12 |
F | 800 | −24.93 | −24.26 | −23.91 | −23.57 | −23.24 | −23.05 |
G | 200 | −33.44 | −30.32 | −28.20 | −26.14 | −24.34 | −23.26 |
H | 500 | −27.35 | −26.55 | −25.97 | −24.59 | −23.90 | −23.18 |
I | 800 | −24.23 | −24.02 | −23.84 | −23.71 | −23.19 | −23.07 |
J | 200 | −33.48 | −30.16 | −28.36 | −26.15 | −24.26 | −23.24 |
K | 500 | −27.17 | −26.53 | −25.86 | 24.42 | −23.74 | −23.17 |
L | 800 | −24.29 | −24.63 | −24.36 | −23.69 | −23.16 | −23.09 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cai, J.; Wang, P.; Shen, H.; Su, Y.; Huang, Y. Water Level Prediction of Emergency Groundwater Source and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment in Nantong City, China. Water 2020, 12, 3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123529
Cai J, Wang P, Shen H, Su Y, Huang Y. Water Level Prediction of Emergency Groundwater Source and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment in Nantong City, China. Water. 2020; 12(12):3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123529
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Jinbang, Ping Wang, Huan Shen, Yue Su, and Yong Huang. 2020. "Water Level Prediction of Emergency Groundwater Source and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment in Nantong City, China" Water 12, no. 12: 3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123529