Developing Pseudo Continuous Pedotransfer Functions for International Soils Measured with the Evaporation Method and the HYPROP System: I. The Soil Water Retention Curve
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Data Sets
2.2. ANN PC-PTFs Development
2.3. Modeling Scenarios
2.4. Model Evaluation
2.5. Domain of the Pedotransfer Functions
3. Results
3.1. Importance of the Input Predictors
3.2. Performance across Soil Textures
3.3. Performance at the Wet, Intermediate and Dry Parts of the SWRC
4. Discussion
4.1. Accuracy and Reliability of the Developed PTFs
4.2. Importance of Input Variables
4.3. Performance across Textural Classes and Tension Ranges
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | International Data Set | Turkish Dataset | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Range | SD | Mean | Range | SD | |
Clay (%) | 19.9 | 0.0–60.0 | 12.4 | 34.1 | 9.4–62.2 | 15.0 |
Silt (%) | 56.7 | 0.2–86.8 | 17.2 | 30.7 | 5.2–57.6 | 8.7 |
Sand (%) | 23.5 | 3.9–99.8 | 17.4 | 35.3 | 6.0–84.0 | 17.4 |
Bulk density (g cm−3) | 1.33 | 0.55–1.69 | 0.23 | 0.98 | 0.69–1.33 | 0.14 |
Organic matter content (%) | 3.0 | 0.00–12.0 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.0–3.1 | 0.6 |
Model | Input Attributes |
---|---|
1 | SSC, BD, SOM, pF |
2 | SSC, pF |
3 | SSC, BD, pF |
4 | SSC, SOM, pF |
Training & Test: I | Training: I; Validation: T | Training: I + T; Test: T | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | RMSE | MAE | MBE | R | RMSE | MAE | MBE | R | RMSE | MAE | MBE | R |
1 | 0.046 | 0.035 | 0.002 | 0.896 | 0.061 | 0.051 | −0.003 | 0.871 | 0.044 | 0.035 | −0.002 | 0.934 |
2 | 0.056 | 0.045 | 0.001 | 0.837 | 0.081 | 0.066 | 0.010 | 0.778 | 0.049 | 0.039 | −0.006 | 0.918 |
3 | 0.047 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 0.891 | 0.064 | 0.053 | 0.001 | 0.861 | 0.043 | 0.035 | −0.002 | 0.937 |
4 | 0.051 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.867 | 0.092 | 0.078 | −0.060 | 0.829 | 0.050 | 0.040 | −0.012 | 0.917 |
Silt Loam | Loam | Silty Clay Loam | Clay Loam | Sandy Loam | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.04 | 0.052 | 0.043 |
MAE | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.033 |
MBE | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.016 | −0.016 | 0.009 |
R | 0.888 | 0.935 | 0.824 | 0.926 | 0.882 |
Training: International | Training: International + Turkish | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | SL | CL | L | C | SL | CL | L | |
RMSE | 0.060 | 0.069 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.039 | 0.047 | 0.044 | 0.042 |
MAE | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.032 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.034 |
MBE | −0.006 | 0.032 | −0.019 | −0.009 | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 | −0.004 |
R | 0.879 | 0.813 | 0.905 | 0.820 | 0.938 | 0.895 | 0.910 | 0.907 |
Training and Test: I | Training: I; Validation: T | Training: I + T; Test: T | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet | Mid | Dry | Wet | Mid | Dry | Wet | Mid | Dry | |
RMSE | 0.041 | 0.050 | 0.043 | 0.061 | 0.062 | 0.066 | 0.041 | 0.049 | 0.037 |
MAE | 0.031 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.059 | 0.032 | 0.039 | 0.028 |
MBE | −0.001 | 0.007 | −0.008 | −0.018 | 0.021 | 0.058 | −0.003 | 0.000 | 0.015 |
R | 0.868 | 0.733 | 0.790 | 0.713 | 0.661 | 0.902 | 0.866 | 0.778 | 0.883 |
Study | Method | Modeling Approach | Inputs | Origin, no. Samples/Datapoints | RMSE (cm3 cm−3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Validation | |||||
Haghverdi et al. (2012) [8] | Iranian data from pressure plate and Australian data set using various equilibrium-based methods | NN | SSC | (Traing and Test- 122 soil samples from Iran) (772 soil samples for training from Australia, Validation- Iran) | 0.029 | 0.037 |
SSC, BD | - | 0.028 | 0.037 | |||
SSC, OC | - | 0.028 | 0.036 | |||
SSC, BD, OC | - | 0.027 | 0.036 | |||
Haghverdi et al. (2014) [18] | sandbox/pressure plate | NN | SSC, BD, SOM | Turkey, 135 soil samples x 8 SWR points | 0.047 | - |
Belgium, (69 soil samples x 8 to 10 SWR points) | 0.040 | - | ||||
SVM | SSC, BD, SOM | Turkey | 0.054 | |||
Belgium | 0.069 | |||||
de Melo and Pedrollo (2015) [39] | different equilibrium-based methods (Pressure based, hanging water, tensiometer, and sand-box) | NN | SSC, particle density, total porosity, BD | UNSODA, (137 soil samples for training and 51 for validation) | 0.088 | |
Nguyen et al. (2017) [21] | sand-boxes and pressure chambers | NN | SSC, BD, OC | Vietnamese Mekong Delta, (1280 data points for training, 232 validation) | 0.044 | 0.052 |
MLR | - | 0.056 | 0.066 | |||
SVM | - | 0.036 | 0.068 | |||
k-NN | - | 0.056 | 0.050 | |||
Haghverdi et al. (2018) [20] | evaporation | NN | SSC | Turkey, (81 soil samples) | 0.129 | |
SSC, BD | - | 0.080 | ||||
SSC, SOM | - | 0.159 | ||||
SSC, SA | - | 0.107 | ||||
SSC, SA, BD, SOM | - | 0.061 | ||||
SSC, BD, OM, SA, IWC | - | 0.033 |
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Singh, A.; Haghverdi, A.; Öztürk, H.S.; Durner, W. Developing Pseudo Continuous Pedotransfer Functions for International Soils Measured with the Evaporation Method and the HYPROP System: I. The Soil Water Retention Curve. Water 2020, 12, 3425. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123425
Singh A, Haghverdi A, Öztürk HS, Durner W. Developing Pseudo Continuous Pedotransfer Functions for International Soils Measured with the Evaporation Method and the HYPROP System: I. The Soil Water Retention Curve. Water. 2020; 12(12):3425. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123425
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Amninder, Amir Haghverdi, Hasan Sabri Öztürk, and Wolfgang Durner. 2020. "Developing Pseudo Continuous Pedotransfer Functions for International Soils Measured with the Evaporation Method and the HYPROP System: I. The Soil Water Retention Curve" Water 12, no. 12: 3425. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123425