Can Zooplankton Be Entangled by Microfibers in the Marine Environment?: Laboratory Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Accidental Observation of Copepods Entangled in Microfibers
2.2. Analysis for Exposure Condition Considering Environmentally Relevant Concentration
2.3. Microfiber Exposure Experiment
2.3.1. Preparation of Seawater for Exposure
2.3.2. Preparation of Copepod for Exposure
2.3.3. Preparation of Microfiber for Exposure
2.3.4. Exposure Design for Entanglement Experiment
- Experimental consideration for exposure of microfibers to copepods
- Exposure of microfibers to copepods under environmentally relevant concentration (50 mL)
- Effects of bubbling under elevated microfibers (500 mL)
- Reduced volume of incubation under elevated microfibers (10 mL)
2.3.5. Observation and Confirmation of Entangled Copepods
2.3.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Entangled Copepods in Microfibers: On-Board Observation
3.2. Determination for Exposure Considering Environmentally Relevant Concentration
3.3. Laboratory Experiments
3.3.1. Probability of Copepod Entanglement in Microfibers: Environmentally Relevant Concentration of Microfibers (50 mL)
3.3.2. Probability of Copepod Entanglement in Microfibers: Effects of Bubbling Under Elevated Microfibers (500 mL)
3.3.3. Probability of Zooplankton Entanglement in Microfibers: Reduced Volume of Incubation under High Microfiber Concentrations (10 mL)
3.4. Body Parts of Copepods Entangled in Microfibers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Station | Sampling Strata | Filtered Volume (m3/sample) | Subsampling for Analysis of Entanglement (%) | Subsampling for Analysis of MP (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Spring | Summer | Spring | Summer | |||
2013 | A03 | 10 m to surface (surface mixed layer) | 5.0 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 50 | 50 |
A05 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 50 | 50 | ||
A06 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 50 | 50 | ||
A07 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 50 | 50 | ||
D03 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 50 | 50 | ||
D05 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 100.0 | 2.5 | 50 | 50 | ||
D06 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 100.0 | 2.0 | 50 | 50 | ||
D07 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 50 | 50 | ||
E01 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 100.0 | 3.8 | 50 | 50 | ||
E03 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 50 | 50 | ||
E05 | 4.6 | 8.3 | 100.0 | 1.9 | 50 | 50 | ||
E07 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 50 | 50 |
Condition | Zooplankton | Body Length of Entangled Zooplankton (mm) | Length of Entangled Microfibers (mm) | Thickness of Entangled Microfibers (µm) | Polymer Types of Entangled Microfibers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archived samples | Calanus sinicus, Unknown copepod, Sagitta sp. | 2.94 ± 1.81 (n = 5) | 2.14 ± 0.76 (n = 5) | 41.5 ± 10.7 (n = 4) | Acrylic, Cellulose, Polyethylene terephthalate, Cotton, Polyester, Emery cloth, Kayocel |
Laboratory Studies | Tigriopus japonicus | 0.85 ± 0.02 (n = 20) | 0.83 ± 0.13 (n = 20) | 27.1 ± 0.3 (n = 20) | Polyester |
Information of Study | Month/Year | Station Which Entangled Zooplankton Is Observed | Ambient Condition | Abundance (Individuals/m3) and Proportion of Entangled Zooplankton | Microfiber/Zooplankton Ratio | |
Microfiber (number/m3) | Zooplankton (individuals/m3) | |||||
In-situ study (Yellow Sea) | 08/2013 | A03 | 8.00 | 3258 | 37/1.1% | 0.002 |
08/2013 | D06 | 6.94 | 1359 | 26/1.9% | 0.005 | |
Laboratory Study (Beaker) | Exposure Time (h) | Treatment | Experimental condition | Mean abundance (n = 3) (individuals) and Proportion of Entangled T. japonicus | Microfiber/Copepod Ratio | |
Microfiber (number) | T. japonicus(individuals) | |||||
50-mL beaker | 168 | No bubbling | 1 | 20 | 0/0.0% | 0.05 |
1 | 50 | 0/0.0% | 0.02 |
Instruments for Exposure | Exposure Time (h) | Treatment | Number of Microfibers Treated | Inserted T. japonicus | Mean Abundance (n = 9) and Proportion of Entangled T. japonicus | Microfiber/Copepod Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beaker (500 mL) | 168 | Bubbling | 50 * | 30 | 0.0/0.0% | 1.6 |
No bubbling | 50 * | 30 | 0.3/1.0% | 1.6 | ||
Bubbling | 5000 *** | 30 | 1.8/6.0% | 166.6 | ||
No bubbling | 5000 *** | 30 | 2.3/7.7% | 166.6 | ||
6-well plate (10 mL) | 96 | No bubbling | 1 * | 10 | 0.0/0.0% | 0.1 |
10 ** | 10 | 0.0/0.0% | 1.0 | |||
25 ** | 10 | 0.0/0.0% | 2.5 | |||
50 ** | 10 | 0.3/3.0% | 5.0 | |||
250 *** | 10 | 1.0/10.0% | 25.0 | |||
500 *** | 10 | 1.0/10.0% | 50.0 | |||
500 *** | 20 | 2.3/11.5% | 25.0 |
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Kang, J.-H.; Kwon, O.-Y.; Hong, S.H.; Shim, W.J. Can Zooplankton Be Entangled by Microfibers in the Marine Environment?: Laboratory Studies. Water 2020, 12, 3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123302
Kang J-H, Kwon O-Y, Hong SH, Shim WJ. Can Zooplankton Be Entangled by Microfibers in the Marine Environment?: Laboratory Studies. Water. 2020; 12(12):3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123302
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Jung-Hoon, Oh-Youn Kwon, Sang Hee Hong, and Won Joon Shim. 2020. "Can Zooplankton Be Entangled by Microfibers in the Marine Environment?: Laboratory Studies" Water 12, no. 12: 3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123302