Massive Influx of Pelagic Sargassum spp. on the Coasts of the Mexican Caribbean 2014–2020: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Marine and Atmospheric Climates
2.2. Geomorphological Features
2.3. Coastal Ecosystems
2.4. Socioeconomic Characteristics
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sargasso Dynamics
3.2. Impacts of the Massive Influx of Sargasso
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Sargasso Dynamics
4.2. Impact on Ecosystems
4.2.1. Beaches and Coastal Dunes
4.2.2. Nearshore Waters—Sargasso Brown Tides
4.2.3. Other Ecosystems
4.3. Impacts on Society and on Economic Activities Locally
4.3.1. Socioeconomic Impacts
4.3.2. Beach Removal and Off-Shore Collection of Sargasso
4.3.3. Uses and Valorization of Sargasso
- Fertilizer (clean and dry sargasso) and compost (contained with equal amounts of water).
- Sodium alginate for food, textile and pharmaceutical products.
- Construction blocks (40% sargasso).
- Manually produced paper.
- Beauty care products.
- Crop and livestock production.
- Bioplastics.
Biogas
Biosorption Potential of Sargasso Biomass
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chávez, V.; Uribe-Martínez, A.; Cuevas, E.; Rodríguez-Martínez, R.E.; van Tussenbroek, B.I.; Francisco, V.; Estévez, M.; Celis, L.B.; Monroy-Velázquez, L.V.; Leal-Bautista, R.; et al. Massive Influx of Pelagic Sargassum spp. on the Coasts of the Mexican Caribbean 2014–2020: Challenges and Opportunities. Water 2020, 12, 2908. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102908
Chávez V, Uribe-Martínez A, Cuevas E, Rodríguez-Martínez RE, van Tussenbroek BI, Francisco V, Estévez M, Celis LB, Monroy-Velázquez LV, Leal-Bautista R, et al. Massive Influx of Pelagic Sargassum spp. on the Coasts of the Mexican Caribbean 2014–2020: Challenges and Opportunities. Water. 2020; 12(10):2908. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102908
Chicago/Turabian StyleChávez, Valeria, Abigail Uribe-Martínez, Eduardo Cuevas, Rosa E. Rodríguez-Martínez, Brigitta I. van Tussenbroek, Vanessa Francisco, Miriam Estévez, Lourdes B. Celis, L. Verónica Monroy-Velázquez, Rosa Leal-Bautista, and et al. 2020. "Massive Influx of Pelagic Sargassum spp. on the Coasts of the Mexican Caribbean 2014–2020: Challenges and Opportunities" Water 12, no. 10: 2908. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102908