Assessing Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow and Sediment Discharge in the Ganjiang River Basin (1964–2013)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Datasets
2.1.1. Study Area
2.1.2. Data
2.2. Methodologies
2.2.1. Trends Test to Detect Changes of Precipitation, Streamflow, and Sediment Discharge
2.2.2. Breakpoint Analysis to Detect the Transition Year
2.2.3. Double Mass Curve to Detect the Impact of Precipitation and Human Activity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Seasonal Distribution of Hydro-Meteorological Variables
3.2. Trends in Seasonal and Annual Hydro-Meteorological Variables
3.3. Abrupt Changes in Sediment Discharge
3.4. Impacts of Precipitation and Human Interference
3.5. Driving Factors of Sediment Discharge Change
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Hydrological Stations | Drainage Area (km2) | Latitude | Longitude | Precipitation † (mm) | Streamflow † (108 m3) | Sediment Discharge † (104 t) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upstream | Bashang | 7657 | 114°57′ | 25°49′ | 1383 | 62.50 | 95.63 |
Xiashan | 15,975 | 115°10′ | 25°55′ | 1510 | 136.22 | 187.90 | |
Julongtan | 7751 | 115°07′ | 25°49′ | 1547 | 60.95 | 121.76 | |
Hanlinqiao | 2689 | 115°12′ | 26°03′ | 1567 | 23.33 | 83.59 | |
Midstream | Ji’an | 56,223 | 114°59′ | 27°06′ | 1522 | 469.27 | 643.51 |
Xiajiang | 62,724 | 115°15′ | 27°55′ | 1508 | 515.14 | 695.57 | |
Downstream | Waizhou | 80,948 | 115°84′ | 28°63′ | 1596 | 683.59 | 836.04 |
Stations | Item | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | Year | April–September |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waizhou | P (mm) | 67.12 | 100.10 | 163.74 | 227.40 | 245.44 | 300.95 | 144.35 | 113.51 | 66.70 | 55.40 | 66.56 | 44.38 | 1595.67 | 1098.36 |
Percentage | 4.21% | 6.27% | 10.26% | 14.25% | 15.38% | 18.86% | 9.05% | 7.11% | 4.18% | 3.47% | 4.17% | 2.78% | 100.00% | 68.83% | |
R (108 m3) | 23.15 | 30.06 | 58.93 | 96.08 | 110.10 | 124.07 | 73.58 | 48.57 | 41.35 | 30.71 | 26.54 | 22.46 | 685.62 | 493.76 | |
Percentage | 3.38% | 4.39% | 8.60% | 14.01% | 16.06% | 18.10% | 10.73% | 7.08% | 6.03% | 4.48% | 3.87% | 3.28% | 100.00% | 72.02% | |
S (104 t) | 9.17 | 17.70 | 72.01 | 157.78 | 173.40 | 213.40 | 82.11 | 38.54 | 35.92 | 18.49 | 10.67 | 6.84 | 836.04 | 701.15 | |
Percentage | 1.10% | 2.12% | 8.61% | 18.87% | 20.74% | 25.53% | 9.82% | 4.61% | 4.30% | 2.21% | 1.28% | 0.82% | 100.00% | 83.87% | |
Ji’an | P (mm) | 65.35 | 88.91 | 154.19 | 206.24 | 219.52 | 221.85 | 121.38 | 122.96 | 69.83 | 63.14 | 72.38 | 49.11 | 1454.85 | 961.77 |
Percentage | 4.49% | 6.11% | 10.60% | 14.18% | 15.09% | 15.25% | 8.34% | 8.45% | 4.80% | 4.34% | 4.98% | 3.38% | 100.00% | 66.11% | |
R (108 m3) | 16.83 | 21.44 | 43.27 | 64.78 | 75.82 | 83.18 | 45.24 | 35.68 | 27.49 | 21.73 | 18.00 | 15.82 | 469.27 | 332.19 | |
Percentage | 3.59% | 4.57% | 9.22% | 13.80% | 16.16% | 17.73% | 9.64% | 7.60% | 5.86% | 4.63% | 3.84% | 3.37% | 100.00% | 70.79% | |
S (104 t) | 7.42 | 14.75 | 66.40 | 116.32 | 135.22 | 158.44 | 51.31 | 38.39 | 28.25 | 15.75 | 6.58 | 4.67 | 643.51 | 527.94 | |
Percentage | 1.15% | 2.29% | 10.32% | 18.08% | 21.01% | 24.62% | 7.97% | 5.97% | 4.39% | 2.45% | 1.02% | 0.73% | 100.00% | 82.04% | |
Xiashan | P (mm) | 63.82 | 104.76 | 165.46 | 192.11 | 228.70 | 224.42 | 117.11 | 144.76 | 109.83 | 69.82 | 53.26 | 44.66 | 1518.72 | 1016.94 |
Percentage | 4.20% | 6.90% | 10.89% | 12.65% | 15.06% | 14.78% | 7.71% | 9.53% | 7.23% | 4.60% | 3.51% | 2.94% | 100.00% | 66.96% | |
R (108 m3) | 4.50 | 6.09 | 12.78 | 19.13 | 23.12 | 27.80 | 12.54 | 9.89 | 7.74 | 5.66 | 4.37 | 3.87 | 137.49 | 100.23 | |
Percentage | 3.27% | 4.43% | 9.30% | 13.92% | 16.82% | 20.22% | 9.12% | 7.19% | 5.63% | 4.12% | 3.18% | 2.81% | 100.00% | 72.90% | |
S (104 t) | 2.78 | 4.65 | 19.12 | 35.58 | 44.14 | 57.95 | 14.10 | 11.22 | 8.09 | 2.97 | 2.14 | 1.43 | 204.18 | 171.09 | |
Percentage | 1.36% | 2.28% | 9.37% | 17.43% | 21.62% | 28.38% | 6.91% | 5.50% | 3.96% | 1.45% | 1.05% | 0.70% | 100.00% | 83.79% | |
Bashang | P(mm) | 70.87 | 91.80 | 162.86 | 176.23 | 213.39 | 202.33 | 107.65 | 154.29 | 83.90 | 52.26 | 41.01 | 30.25 | 1386.83 | 937.79 |
Percentage | 5.11% | 6.62% | 11.74% | 12.71% | 15.39% | 14.59% | 7.76% | 11.13% | 6.05% | 3.77% | 2.96% | 2.18% | 100.00% | 67.62% | |
R (108 m3) | 2.61 | 2.94 | 5.36 | 7.64 | 8.83 | 10.34 | 6.21 | 5.46 | 4.45 | 3.42 | 2.91 | 2.50 | 62.67 | 42.93 | |
Percentage | 4.17% | 4.70% | 8.55% | 12.18% | 14.09% | 16.50% | 9.91% | 8.71% | 7.11% | 5.45% | 4.64% | 3.99% | 100.00% | 68.51% | |
S (104 t) | 1.03 | 2.13 | 10.07 | 17.40 | 20.17 | 25.00 | 7.99 | 6.86 | 5.64 | 3.16 | 1.04 | 0.57 | 101.06 | 86.21 | |
Percentage | 1.02% | 2.11% | 9.97% | 17.22% | 19.96% | 24.73% | 7.90% | 6.79% | 5.58% | 3.13% | 1.03% | 0.56% | 100.00% | 85.31% | |
Julongtan | P (mm) | 69.65 | 105.54 | 181.73 | 190.14 | 234.56 | 228.95 | 119.85 | 152.24 | 103.01 | 68.32 | 54.85 | 48.95 | 1557.79 | 1028.76 |
Percentage | 4.47% | 6.77% | 11.67% | 12.21% | 15.06% | 14.70% | 7.69% | 9.77% | 6.61% | 4.39% | 3.52% | 3.14% | 100.00% | 66.04% | |
R (108 m3) | 2.04 | 2.56 | 5.31 | 8.31 | 9.58 | 11.61 | 5.60 | 5.11 | 4.22 | 2.83 | 2.15 | 1.85 | 61.16 | 44.42 | |
Percentage | 3.34% | 4.19% | 8.68% | 13.60% | 15.66% | 18.98% | 9.16% | 8.35% | 6.90% | 4.62% | 3.52% | 3.02% | 100.00% | 72.64% | |
S (104 t) | 1.29 | 3.16 | 13.72 | 23.75 | 25.81 | 31.33 | 7.71 | 10.76 | 6.43 | 1.96 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 127.21 | 105.80 | |
Percentage | 1.01% | 2.48% | 10.78% | 18.67% | 20.29% | 24.63% | 6.06% | 8.46% | 5.05% | 1.54% | 0.58% | 0.43% | 100.00% | 83.17% | |
Hanlinqiao | P (mm) | 72.14 | 107.26 | 181.37 | 202.72 | 244.06 | 227.65 | 133.00 | 130.32 | 98.15 | 72.88 | 56.97 | 47.52 | 1574.04 | 1035.89 |
Percentage | 4.58% | 6.81% | 11.52% | 12.88% | 15.51% | 14.46% | 8.45% | 8.28% | 6.24% | 4.63% | 3.62% | 3.02% | 100.00% | 65.81% | |
R (108 m3) | 0.82 | 1.09 | 2.11 | 3.22 | 3.79 | 4.62 | 2.26 | 1.71 | 1.30 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 23.56 | 16.90 | |
Percentage | 3.49% | 4.62% | 8.97% | 13.68% | 16.09% | 19.60% | 9.58% | 7.27% | 5.53% | 4.44% | 3.59% | 3.15% | 100.00% | 71.74% | |
S (104 t) | 1.06 | 2.45 | 8.38 | 15.16 | 17.99 | 22.83 | 7.58 | 6.43 | 4.07 | 2.18 | 1.01 | 0.58 | 89.72 | 74.06 | |
Percentage | 1.18% | 2.74% | 9.34% | 16.90% | 20.06% | 25.44% | 8.44% | 7.17% | 4.54% | 2.43% | 1.12% | 0.65% | 100.00% | 82.54% |
Variables | Stations | Annual | Seasonal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January–March | April–June | July–September | October–December | |||
Precipitation | Bashang | −0.22 NS | 1.37 * | −1.25 NS | −1.08 NS | 0.66 NS |
Xiashan | 0.59 NS | 0.08 NS | −1.86 ** | 0.88 NS | −2.15 ** | |
Julongtan | −0.15 NS | 0.67 NS | −1.02 NS | 1.33 * | −1.52 * | |
Hanlinqiao | 0.67 NS | −1.52 * | −0.62 NS | 1.62 * | −1.33 * | |
Ji’an | 0.47 NS | 1.43 * | −0.14 NS | 1.03 NS | −0.27 NS | |
Xiajiang | 1.14 NS | - | - | - | - | |
Waizhou | 0.62 NS | 1.48 * | 0.13 NS | 0.55 NS | 0.28 NS | |
Streamflow | Bashang | 0.54 NS | 0.05 NS | -1.30 * | 1.90 ** | 0.28 NS |
Xiashan | 0.44 NS | 0.87 NS | −0.90 NS | 2.00 ** | 0.70 NS | |
Julongtan | 0.80 NS | 0.69 NS | −0.44 NS | 1.59 * | −0.55 NS | |
Hanlinqiao | 0.69 NS | 1.41 * | -1.41 * | 2.02 ** | 1.25 NS | |
Ji’an | 0.57 NS | 1.19 NS | −0.70 NS | 1.72 ** | 0.89 NS | |
Xiajiang | 0.68 NS | - | - | - | - | |
Waizhou | 0.59 NS | 1.10 NS | −1.00 NS | 1.20 NS | 0.80 NS | |
Sediment | Bashang | −4.27 ** | -1.42 * | −3.40 ** | −1.64 ** | −2.19 ** |
Xiashan | −2.98 ** | −1.54 * | −3.11 ** | −0.84 NS | −1.54 * | |
Julongtan | −1.94 ** | 0.42 NS | −1.29 * | 0.50 NS | −1.71 ** | |
Hanlinqiao | −4.68 ** | −1.91 ** | −4.43 ** | −1.22 NS | −1.25 NS | |
Ji’an | −5.60 ** | −2.43 ** | −5.57 ** | −4.02 ** | −2.47 ** | |
Xiajiang | −5.30 ** | - | - | - | - | |
Waizhou | −6.03 ** | −1.84 ** | −5.29 ** | −3.31 ** | −1.44 * |
Stations | Regression Equation | Sc (104 t) | So (104 t) | Sc − So (104 t) | 100 × (Sc − So)/Sc (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bashang | (R2 = 0.998, N = 31) | 6094.97 | 4781.36 | 1313.61 | 21.55 |
Xiashan | (R2 = 0.998, N = 35) | 10,839.49 | 9394.82 | 1444.67 | 13.33 |
Julongtan | (R2 = 0.994, N = 39) | 7007.48 | 6087.97 | 919.52 | 13.12 |
Hanlinqiao | (R2 = 0.999, N = 22) | 5743.65 | 4179.38 | 1564.27 | 27.23 |
Ji’an | (R2 = 0.998, N = 29) | 46,008.36 | 32,175.43 | 13,832.43 | 30.07 |
Xiajiang | (R2 = 0.998, N = 29) | 49,807.30 | 34,778.40 | 15,028.90 | 30.17 |
Waizhou | (R2 = 0.999, N = 26) | 55,929.87 | 38,533.39 | 17,396.48 | 31.10 |
Station | Period | Impact of Precipitation (%) | Impact of Human (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bashang | Before 1994 | 122.27 | ||||
After 1994 | 52.15 | 119.39 | 70.12 | 4.11 | 95.89 | |
Xiashan | Before 1998 | 216.44 | ||||
After 1998 | 121.29 | 204.05 | 95.14 | 13.02 | 86.98 | |
Julongtan | Before 2002 | 140.79 | ||||
After 2002 | 86.49 | 135.56 | 86.49 | 6.04 | 93.96 | |
Hanlinqiao | Before 1985 | 115.35 | ||||
After 1985 | 58.63 | 113.67 | 56.72 | 2.97 | 97.03 | |
Ji’an | Before 1992 | 907.62 | ||||
After 1992 | 278.79 | 905.68 | 628.83 | 0.31 | 99.69 | |
Xiajiang | Before 1992 | 946.31 | ||||
After 1992 | 349.30 | 1025.83 | 597.00 | −13.31 | 113.31 | |
Waizhou | Before 1989 | 1081.37 | ||||
After 1989 | 434.07 | 1135.41 | 647.30 | −8.35 | 108.35 |
Year | 1965 | 1975 | 1985 | 1995 | 2005 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest coverage | 37.3 | 36.5 | 33.1 | 50.9 | 60.05 | 63.1 |
Station | Tributary (Including Counties) | Before 1980 | 1981–2000 | 2001–2013 | Grand Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Reservoirs | Drainage Area (km2) | Number of Reservoirs | Drainage Area (km2) | Number of Reservoirs | Drainage Area (km2) | Number of Reservoirs | Drainage Area (km2) | ||
Bashang | Zhangshui (Chongyi, Dayu, Shangyou, Nankang) | 5 | 2938 | 5 | 9835 | 3 | 1667 | 13 | 14,440 |
Xiashan | Gongshui (Anyuan, Xunwu, Huichang, Ruijin, Yudu, Ningdu, Shicheng) | 8 | 1129 | 4 | 4016 | 8 | 61,049 | 20 | 66,193 |
Julongtan | Taojiang (Quannan, Longnan, Xinfeng, Ganxian) | 8 | 649 | 2 | 502 | 3 | 14,071 | 13 | 15,222 |
Hanlinqiao | Pingjiang (Xingguo) | 2 | 965 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 965 |
Xiajiang | All counties in Ji’an and Le’an in Fuzhou | 33 | 5071 | 10 | 38,758 | 8 | 67,291 | 51 | 111,119 |
Ji’an | |||||||||
Waizhou | All counties in Xinyu and Yichun (except Fengcheng) | 39 | 5451 | 6 | 1416 | 1 | 15 | 46 | 6883 |
Grand total | 95 | 16,203 | 27 | 54,526 | 23 | 144,093 | 145 | 214,821 |
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Guo, L.-P.; Mu, X.-M.; Hu, J.-M.; Gao, P.; Zhang, Y.-F.; Liao, K.-T.; Bai, H.; Chen, X.-L.; Song, Y.-J.; Jin, N.; et al. Assessing Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow and Sediment Discharge in the Ganjiang River Basin (1964–2013). Water 2019, 11, 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081679
Guo L-P, Mu X-M, Hu J-M, Gao P, Zhang Y-F, Liao K-T, Bai H, Chen X-L, Song Y-J, Jin N, et al. Assessing Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow and Sediment Discharge in the Ganjiang River Basin (1964–2013). Water. 2019; 11(8):1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081679
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Li-Ping, Xing-Min Mu, Jian-Min Hu, Peng Gao, Yong-Fen Zhang, Kai-Tao Liao, Hua Bai, Xiu-Long Chen, Yue-Jun Song, Ning Jin, and et al. 2019. "Assessing Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow and Sediment Discharge in the Ganjiang River Basin (1964–2013)" Water 11, no. 8: 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081679
APA StyleGuo, L.-P., Mu, X.-M., Hu, J.-M., Gao, P., Zhang, Y.-F., Liao, K.-T., Bai, H., Chen, X.-L., Song, Y.-J., Jin, N., & Yu, Q. (2019). Assessing Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow and Sediment Discharge in the Ganjiang River Basin (1964–2013). Water, 11(8), 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081679