Effects of the South-North Water Diversion Project on the Water Dispatching Pattern and Ecological Environment in the Water Receiving Area: A Case Study of the Fuyang River Basin in Handan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
- (a)
- Regional map, with river network, reservoirs and water users on it, by which we can construct a model for the study area.
- (b)
- Precipitation data, from which we can get different level years and water supply by rainfall.
- (c)
- Reservoir information. There is only one large reservoir in the study area: the Dongwushi Reservoir, on the main stream of the Fuyang River. As the Dongwushi Reservoir controls the Fuyang River, we can take the volume of water drained from it as the flow of the Fuyang River. The Yuefeng Channel, which diverts water from another reservoir, is the main water source of the Dongwushi Resorvoir. The Dongwushi Reservoir had the multi-year regulating function, so the volume of water drained from the Dongwushi Reservoir changed little in different level years.
- (d)
- Groundwater data: aquifers and water quantity supplement to each aquifer.
- (e)
- The SNWD Project data, the study area may have 352.02 × 106 m3 water per year allocated by the Project administration.
- (f)
- Water demand data. We take the water demand pattern of year 2015 as the current pattern in noticing that there is no change in water demand pattern in recent years.
2.3. Decision Support System AQUATOOL
2.4. Building the Model
3. Results
3.1. Water Balance between Water Supply and Demand
3.2. Water Dispatching Schemes in Different Level Years
3.3. The Ecological Efffects of the SNWD Project
4. Discussion
4.1. The Guarantee Effect of the SNWD Project
4.2. The Status of Ecological Water Need
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Xia, J.; Zhang, L.; Liu, C.; Yu, J. Towards better water security in North China. Water Resour. Manag. 2007, 21, 233–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, S.; Wang, J.; Zhao, Y.; Shang, Y.; Gao, X.; Li, H.; Wang, Q.; Zhu, Y. Sustainability of water resources for agriculture considering grain production, trade and consumption in China from 2004 to 2013. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 149, 1210–1218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, W.; Mao, Z.; Zhang, H.; Shan, B.; Zhao, Y.; Ding, Y. Water resources: The prerequisite for ecological restoration of rivers in the Hai River Basin, northern China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 1359–1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elimelech, M.; Phillip, W.A. The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment. Science 2011, 333, 712–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinto, F.S.; Marques, R.C. Desalination projects economic feasibility: A standardization of cost determinants. Renew. Sustain. Rev. 2017, 78, 904–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Cuerva, L.; Berglund, E.Z.; Binder, A.R. Public perceptions of water shortages, conservation behaviors, and support for water reuse in the U.S. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2016, 113, 106–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parsons, L.R.; Sheikh, B.; Holden, R.; York, D.W. Reclaimed Water as an Alternative Water Source for Crop Irrigation. HortScience 2010, 45, 1626–1629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, B.; Zhang, C.; Jiang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, H. Conjunctive use of Inter-Basin Transferred and Desalinated Water in a Multi-Source Water Supply System Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis. Water Resour. Manag. 2017, 31, 3313–3328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, A.B.; Peng, Y.; Zhou, H.C.; Zhang, C. Multi-reservoir joint operating rule in inter-basin water transfer-supply project. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2015, 58, 123–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavee, D.; Ritov, M.; Becker, N. Is desalination the most sustainable alternative for water-shortage mitigation in Israel? Int. J. Sustain. Econ. 2011, 3, 410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, D.L.; Dou, Y.J. Watertransfer, desalination, and purification as water shortage strategies: China in 2025. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2016, 25, 5877–5888. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, J. The Protection and Utilization Research of Zhengguo Canal: For Example of Sightseeing; Xi’an Polytechnic University: Xi’an, China, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, C. Environmental Issues and the South-North Water Transfer Scheme. China Q. 1998, 156, 899–910. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, G. Thinking of South-to-North Water Transfer of China. Adv. Water Sci. 2000, 11, 345–350. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Y.; Yin, L.; Zhang, Q. Quantity versus Quality in China s South-to-North Water Diversion Project: A System Dynamics Analysis. Water 2015, 7, 2142–2160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, J.X.; Wang, Y.M.; Huang, Q. Water Dispatch Model for Middle Route of a South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2011, 47, 70–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.-Q.; Zhao, H.-Y.; Yang, Z.-S.; Huang, Z.-F.; Bai, G.-Y.; Liu, C.-Z. The strategy of reducing groundwater exploitation and the south-to-north water diversion project. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 2018, 75, 59–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, H.; Mao, X.; Yang, Q. Impacts of Yongding River Ecological Restoration on the Groundwater Environment: Scenario Prediction. Vadose Zone J. 2018, 17, 180121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Zhang, L.; Xia, J.; Gippel, C.J.; Wang, R.; Zeng, S. Implications of Modelled Climate and Land Cover Changes on Runoff in the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project in China. Resour. Manag. 2015, 29, 2563–2579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhuang, W. Eco-environmental impact of inter-basin water transfer projects: A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 12867–12879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Q.; Qin, L.; Li, X. The potential impact of an inter-basin water transfer project on nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and chlorophyll a of the receiving water system. Sci. Total. Environ. 2015, 536, 675–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hebei Hydrographic and Water Resources Survey Bureau of Handan. Water Resources Assessment of Handan, Hebei Province; Handan Water Conservancy Bureau: Handan, China, 2006.
- Andreu, J.; Capilla, J.; Sanchis, E. AQUATOOL, a generalized decision-support system for water-resources planning and operational management. J. Hydrol. 1996, 177, 269–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedro-Monzonís, M.; Jiménez-Fernández, P.; Solera, A.; Jiménez-Gavilán, P. The use of AQUATOOL DSS applied to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEAW). J. Hydrol. 2016, 533, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paredes-Arquiola, J.; Andreu-Álvarez, A.; Martín-Monerris, M.; Solera, A. Water Quantity and Quality Models Applied to the Jucar River Basin, Spain. Water Resour. Manag. 2010, 24, 2759–2779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fu, H.; Xu, C.; Wang, Y.; Yang, X. Wetland evolution and restoration from historical perspective: A case study of Yongnian Lake. Shuili Xuebao/J. Hydraul. Eng. 2018, 49, 619–627. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Z.; Wang, H.; Qi, X. Pricing and Water Resource Allocation Scheme for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. Resour. Manag. 2013, 27, 1457–1472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, W.; Fan, Y.; Yan, L. Pricing Strategies for Competitive Water Supply Chains under Different Power Structures: An Application to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Wang, Y. Rational standard of water price and charging system for backbone project of Middle Route Project of South-toNorth Water Diversion. J. Econ. Water Resour. 2015, 33, 18–26. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Yang, X. Estimation of Environmental Water Requirements via an Ecological Approach: A Case Study of Yongnian Wetland, Haihe Basin, China. In Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in China, Environmental Earth Sciences; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2019; pp. 377–386. [Google Scholar]
Items | Wet Year | Normal Year | Dry Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No SNWD | With SNWD | No SNWD | With SNWD | No SNWD | With SNWD | |
Precipitation (mm) | 664.6 | 530.2 | 412.0 | |||
Fuyang River (Dongwushi Reservoir) | 126.82 | 125.18 | 126.82 | |||
Regional surface water production | 233.19 | 87.64 | 55.19 | |||
Groundwater recharge | 598.35 | 388.72 | 239.30 | |||
SNWD water | - | 128.32 | - | 109.88 | - | 135.14 |
Water reuse | 62.26 | 119.01 | 66.92 | 117.51 | 61.45 | 118.97 |
Total of supply | 958.36 | 1205.69 | 668.46 | 828.93 | 482.76 | 675.42 |
Total of demand | 791.34 | 791.34 | 791.34 | |||
Water shortage | - | - | 122.88 | - | 308.58 | 115.92 |
Region | Water Resource | Wet Year | Normal Year | Dry Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No SNWD | With SNWD | WW-WN | No SNWD | With SNWD | NW-NN | No SNWD | With SNWD | DW-DN | ||
Fengfeng | Water demand | 49.14 | 49.14 | 49.14 | ||||||
Groundwater | 24.83 | 9.51 | −15.32 | 23.43 | 7.81 | −15.62 | 24.20 | 9.91 | −14.29 | |
Fuyang River | 12.00 | 9.31 | −2.69 | 15.28 | 12.88 | −2.41 | 12.81 | 9.09 | −3.72 | |
Regional surface water | 12.31 | 12.31 | 0.00 | 10.43 | 10.43 | 0.00 | 12.13 | 12.13 | 0.00 | |
SNWD | 18.01 | 18.01 | 18.03 | 18.03 | 18.01 | 18.01 | ||||
Cixian | Water demand | 130.63 | 130.63 | 130.63 | ||||||
Groundwater | 63.77 | 48.21 | −15.57 | 100.68 | 87.76 | −12.92 | 84.97 | 69.77 | −15.20 | |
Fuyang River | 16.90 | 17.31 | 0.41 | 15.18 | 19.20 | 4.03 | 18.07 | 16.78 | −1.30 | |
Regional surface water | 49.96 | 49.96 | 0.00 | 14.78 | 14.78 | 0.00 | 27.59 | 27.59 | 0.00 | |
SNWD | 15.15 | 15.15 | 8.89 | 8.89 | 16.50 | 16.50 | ||||
Cheng’an | Water demand | 116.58 | 116.58 | 116.58 | ||||||
Groundwater | 95.82 | 85.34 | −10.48 | 100.60 | 94.97 | −5.64 | 107.39 | 93.96 | −13.43 | |
Fuyang River | 11.84 | 14.49 | 2.65 | 13.34 | 10.45 | −2.88 | 9.16 | 14.08 | 4.92 | |
Regional surface water | 8.92 | 8.92 | 0.00 | 2.64 | 2.64 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | |
SNWD | 7.83 | 7.83 | 8.52 | 8.52 | 8.51 | 8.51 | ||||
Feixiang | Water demand | 114.15 | 114.15 | 114.15 | ||||||
Groundwater | 99.44 | 88.88 | −10.57 | 105.81 | 103.67 | −2.14 | 107.51 | 96.32 | −11.20 | |
Fuyang River | 5.67 | 11.51 | 5.84 | 6.77 | 3.93 | −2.84 | 6.61 | 12.68 | 6.07 | |
Regional surface water | 9.04 | 9.04 | 0.00 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | |
SNWD | 4.73 | 4.73 | 4.98 | 4.98 | 5.13 | 5.13 | ||||
Handan | Water demand | 217.38 | 217.38 | 217.38 | ||||||
Groundwater | 122.99 | 56.86 | −66.13 | 120.21 | 61.99 | −58.22 | 139.40 | 71.96 | −67.45 | |
Fuyang River | 69.50 | 63.29 | −6.21 | 74.37 | 76.66 | 2.29 | 69.25 | 63.28 | −5.96 | |
Regional surface water | 24.89 | 25.77 | 0.88 | 22.80 | 23.48 | 0.68 | 8.73 | 9.33 | 0.60 | |
SNWD | 71.46 | 71.46 | 55.25 | 55.25 | 72.81 | 72.81 | ||||
Yongnian | Water demand | 169.40 | 169.40 | 169.40 | ||||||
Groundwater | 81.07 | 24.18 | −56.90 | 95.37 | 44.38 | −50.99 | 106.76 | 47.43 | −59.33 | |
Fuyang River | 65.61 | 111.36 | 45.75 | 64.07 | 100.85 | 36.78 | 60.08 | 105.23 | 45.15 | |
Regional surface water | 22.72 | 22.72 | 0.00 | 9.96 | 9.96 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 2.56 | 0.00 | |
SNWD | 11.14 | 11.14 | 14.21 | 14.21 | 14.18 | 14.18 | ||||
Total | Water demand | 797.28 | 797.28 | 797.28 | ||||||
Groundwater | 487.94 | 312.98 | −174.96 | 546.10 | 400.57 | −145.54 | 570.24 | 389.35 | −180.89 | |
Fuyang River | 181.51 | 227.26 | 45.75 | 189.00 | 223.97 | 34.97 | 175.98 | 221.13 | 45.15 | |
Regional surface water | 127.84 | 128.72 | 0.88 | 62.18 | 62.86 | 0.68 | 51.07 | 51.67 | 0.60 | |
SNWD | 128.32 | 128.32 | 109.88 | 109.88 | 135.14 | 135.14 |
Section | Wet Year | Wet Year | Normal Year | Normal Year | Dry Year | Dry Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without SNWD | With SNWD | Without SNWD | With SNWD | Without SNWD | With SNWD | |
Fuyang River 07 | 135.10 | 137.79 | 140.85 | 141.45 | 134.29 | 138.01 |
Fuyang River 06 | 118.21 | 120.48 | 125.67 | 122.25 | 116.22 | 121.24 |
Fuyang River 05 | 100.70 | 94.49 | 105.57 | 107.86 | 100.45 | 94.48 |
Fuyang River 04 | 31.20 | 31.20 | 31.20 | 31.20 | 31.20 | 31.20 |
Fuyang River 03 | 105.24 | 156.30 | 100.95 | 150.86 | 93.25 | 150.17 |
Fuyang River 02 | 39.63 | 44.94 | 36.88 | 50.01 | 33.17 | 44.94 |
Fuyang River 01 | 31.20 | 34.94 | 31.20 | 40.01 | 31.20 | 34.94 |
Wet Year | Wet Year | Normal Year | Normal Year | Dry Year | Dry Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without SNWD | With SNWD | Without SNWD | With SNWD | Without SNWD | With SNWD | |
Inflow | 39.63 | 44.94 | 36.88 | 50.01 | 33.17 | 44.94 |
Outflow | 31.20 | 34.94 | 31.20 | 40.01 | 31.20 | 34.94 |
Volume change | 8.43 | 10.00 | 5.68 | 10.00 | 1.97 | 10.00 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fu, H.; Yang, X. Effects of the South-North Water Diversion Project on the Water Dispatching Pattern and Ecological Environment in the Water Receiving Area: A Case Study of the Fuyang River Basin in Handan, China. Water 2019, 11, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040845
Fu H, Yang X. Effects of the South-North Water Diversion Project on the Water Dispatching Pattern and Ecological Environment in the Water Receiving Area: A Case Study of the Fuyang River Basin in Handan, China. Water. 2019; 11(4):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040845
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Hao, and Xiaoliu Yang. 2019. "Effects of the South-North Water Diversion Project on the Water Dispatching Pattern and Ecological Environment in the Water Receiving Area: A Case Study of the Fuyang River Basin in Handan, China" Water 11, no. 4: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040845