Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Nitrogen Uptake of Sunflower in the Low Desert Region of California
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sunflower Water Use
2.2. Planting, Irrigation, and Fertigation Scheduling
2.3. Transformation Processes and Mass Balance
3. Results
3.1. Root Water Uptake and Model Calibration
3.2. Nutrient Uptake and Calibration of Transformation Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | Days | Period | KC | ETo (cm) | ETC (cm) | Irrigation (mm-ha/ha) | Fertilizers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | 20 | 26 March–14 April | 0.2 | 12.76 | 2.55 | Sprinkler 27/3—19/4 (175) SDI 19/4—1/7 65% ETc (185) 100% ETc (379) | 350 kg ha−1 MAP on 26 March prior to the first sprinkler application of 275 m3 103 kg ha−1 UAN-32 on 16 May with 353 m3 of 4 SDI event |
Crop development | 29 | 15 April–13 May | 0.2–1.1 | 21.25 | 14.07 | ||
Mid-season | 34 | 14 May–16 June | 1.1 | 27.22 | 29.94 | ||
Late season | 16 | 17 June–1 July | 1.1–0.4 | 12.31 | 8.81 | ||
Total | 98 | 26 March–1 July | KC avg. = 0.75 | 73.54 | 55.37 |
Basic Physical Soil Properties of the Experimental Field [42] | ||||||||||||||||||||
USDA a Texture | Soil Layer | Composition Sand, Silt, Clay | ρb (g cm−3) | θf (cm3 cm−3) | Parameters of the Water Retention Equation (Van Genuchten Model) | |||||||||||||||
θr (cm3 cm−3) | θs (cm3 cm−3) | α (cm−1) | n | Ks (cm day−1) | ||||||||||||||||
Silty clay loam 1 | 0.0–0.30 m | 17%, 48%, 35% | 1.50 | 0.325 | 0.084 | 0.424 * (0.41–0.44) | 0.009 | 1.451 | 5.28 * (4.0–7.0) | |||||||||||
Silty clay 2 and clay | 0.30–1.50 m | 18%, 42%, 40% | 1.45 | 0.351 | 0.089 | 0.445 * (0.41–0.44) | 0.012 | 1.403 | 6.99 * (4.0–7.0) | |||||||||||
Initial and Calibrated N Transport and Transformation Parameters for the Model Simulation | ||||||||||||||||||||
DL (cm) | (day−1) | (day−1) | (day−1) | (day−1) | (day−1) | (day−1) | (day−1) | (day−1) | Kd | |||||||||||
5.0 | (0.3–0.8) | (0.02–0.07) | (0.02–0.72) | (0.02–0.72) | (0.01–0.24) | (0.01–0.24) | (0.001–0.04) | (0.001–0.04) | 3–4 | |||||||||||
Soil 1 | 5.0 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.020 * | 0.020 * | 0.001 | 0.001 | 3.50 | ||||||||||
Soil 2 | 5.0 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.010 * | 0.010 * | 0.001 | 0.001 | 3.50 | ||||||||||
Vrugt Model for Sunflower Root Distribution Parameters [52] | ||||||||||||||||||||
z1m (cm) | z1 (cm) | Pz | x1m (cm) | x1 (cm) | Px | |||||||||||||||
150 | 120 | 1 | 75 | 30 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Feddes’ Parameters (Root Water Uptake Parameters for Sunflower) [50] | ||||||||||||||||||||
P0 (cm) | Popt (cm) | P2H (cm) | P2L (cm) | P3 (cm) | r2H (cm day−1) | r2L (cm day−1) | ||||||||||||||
−1 | −5 | −400 | −500 | −10,000 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Depth (cm) | 9 April | 9 May | 28 June | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100% ETC | 65% ETC | |||||||
Soil Samples | HYDRUS | Soil Samples | HYDRUS | Soil Samples | HYDRUS | Soil Samples | HYDRUS | |
15.0 | 0.305 | 0.396 | 0.281 | 0.293 | 0.363 | 0.352 | 0.130 | 0.129 |
30.0 | 0.328 | 0.417 | 0.317 | 0.305 | 0.343 | 0.354 | 0.133 | 0.141 |
45.0 | 0.378 | 0.420 | 0.317 | 0.309 | 0.358 | 0.335 | 0.145 | 0.141 |
60.0 | 0.386 | 0.425 | 0.301 | 0.317 | 0.300 | 0.226 | 0.142 | 0.141 |
75.0 | 0.370 | 0.428 | 0.301 | 0.325 | 0.191 | 0.141 | 0.162 | 0.141 |
90.0 | 0.403 | 0.430 | 0.340 | 0.333 | 0.121 | 0.141 | 0.135 | 0.141 |
105.0 | 0.424 | 0.432 | 0.353 | 0.342 | 0.152 | 0.141 | 0.148 | 0.141 |
120.0 | 0.423 | 0.433 | 0.361 | 0.349 | 0.154 | 0.161 | 0.171 | 0.161 |
150.0 | 0.442 | 0.435 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Depth (cm) | Samples on 9 April (Day 15 in Simulation) | Samples on 28 June (Day 95 in Simulation) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N-E) | (N-W) | Center | (S-E) | (S-W) | Avg. | HYDRUS | (N-E) | (S-E) | Avg. | HYDRUS (100% ETC) | (N-W) | HYDRUS (65% ETC) | |
0–30 | 59.6 | 73.2 | 36.6 | 36.1 | 48.0 | 50.7 | 34.5 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 41.1 | 35.6 |
30–60 | 18.2 | 29.5 | 12.5 | 28.5 | 48.2 | 27.4 | 25.6 | 22.0 | 25.2 | 23.6 | 15.5 | 30.9 | 15.5 |
60–90 | 15.8 | 10.2 | 5.5 | 29.8 | 47.2 | 21.7 | 19.9 | 10.6 | 23.6 | 17.1 | 15.5 | 11.0 | 15.5 |
90–105 | 15.4 | 14.6 | 4.8 | 30.8 | 46.8 | 22.5 | 18.6 | 9.6 | 28.2 | 18.9 | 15.5 | 18.7 | 15.5 |
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Eltarabily, M.G.; Burke, J.M.; Bali, K.M. Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Nitrogen Uptake of Sunflower in the Low Desert Region of California. Water 2019, 11, 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112340
Eltarabily MG, Burke JM, Bali KM. Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Nitrogen Uptake of Sunflower in the Low Desert Region of California. Water. 2019; 11(11):2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112340
Chicago/Turabian StyleEltarabily, Mohamed Galal, John M. Burke, and Khaled M. Bali. 2019. "Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Nitrogen Uptake of Sunflower in the Low Desert Region of California" Water 11, no. 11: 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112340