A Review of the Internet of Floods: Near Real-Time Detection of a Flood Event and Its Impact
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Flood and Flood Impact Detection
2.1. Remote Sensing
2.2. Smart Cameras
2.3. Smart Buoys
2.4. Water Level Sensors
2.5. Smart Sewerage
2.6. Smart Home
2.7. Biometric and Medical IoT Applications
2.8. Smart Wearables
2.9. Weather Sensors
2.10. Smart Vehicle Data
2.11. News
2.12. Sensing Systems and Solicited Crowd-Sourcing
2.13. Navigation App Monitoring
2.14. Social Sensing and Unsolicited Crowd-Sourcing
3. Flood Warning and Communication
3.1. Siren Systems
3.2. Interactive Smart TV and Radio
3.3. SMS Disaster Alert System
3.4. Social Media
4. Algorithms
5. Internet of Floods Architecture
6. FLIAT Linked to the Internet of Floods
7. Discussion
7.1. Privacy
7.2. Security
7.3. Decision-Making
8. Usability for Other Hazards
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classifiers | Precision | Recall | F-Measure |
---|---|---|---|
Naïve Bayes | 0.741 | 0.887 | 0.807 |
AdaBoost | 0.711 | 0.932 | 0.805 |
Id3 | 0.707 | 0.887 | 0.787 |
MLP | 0.697 | 0.87 | 0.774 |
KNN | 0.751 | 0.859 | 0.801 |
SVM | 0.762 | 0.832 | 0.824 |
Human Labelled | Automatically Labelled | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cluster | Period 1 | Period 1 | Period 2 |
Food and nutrition | 54 | 4712 | 39,448 ↑ |
Camp and shelter | 41 | 1870 | 8470↑ |
Education and child welfare | 50 | 18,076 | 22,198↓ |
Telecommunication | 90 | 8002 | 5899↓ |
Health | 57 | 1008 | 2487 |
Logistics and transportation | 51 | 2290 | 3259 |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene | 31 | 1210 | 82,568↑ |
Safety and security | 87 | 7884 | 4970↓ |
Early recovery | 216 | 14,602 | 46,388 |
None of the above | 1323 | 382,906 | 451,122↓ |
Total | 2000 | 442,560 | 666,809 |
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Van Ackere, S.; Verbeurgt, J.; De Sloover, L.; Gautama, S.; De Wulf, A.; De Maeyer, P. A Review of the Internet of Floods: Near Real-Time Detection of a Flood Event and Its Impact. Water 2019, 11, 2275. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112275
Van Ackere S, Verbeurgt J, De Sloover L, Gautama S, De Wulf A, De Maeyer P. A Review of the Internet of Floods: Near Real-Time Detection of a Flood Event and Its Impact. Water. 2019; 11(11):2275. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112275
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Ackere, Samuel, Jeffrey Verbeurgt, Lars De Sloover, Sidharta Gautama, Alain De Wulf, and Philippe De Maeyer. 2019. "A Review of the Internet of Floods: Near Real-Time Detection of a Flood Event and Its Impact" Water 11, no. 11: 2275. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112275