Evaluation of Partial Nitritation/Anammox (PN/A) Process Performance and Microorganisms Community Composition under Different C/N Ratio
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Set-Up
2.2. Microbial Analysis
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microbial Analysis
3.2. Effect of C/N Ratio on N Removal
3.3. Effect of C/N Ratio on COD Removal
3.4. The Influence of the Aeration Strategy on the Improvement of N Removal
3.5. Other Methods of Increasing the Efficiency of PN/A
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Unit | 1st Series | 2nd Series | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | |||||
Duration of the phase | days | 4 | 5 | 51 | 3 | 27 | 16 | 23 | 3 | 4 | 18 | |||
C/N ratio | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | |||
Intermittent aeration modes | 3/9 | 3/6 | 3/12 | 3/9 | 3/9 | 3/12 | 3/6 | 3/15 | 3/6 | 3/3 | ||||
DO set point | 0.7 | |||||||||||||
Temperature | °C | 20 | ||||||||||||
pH | − | 7.3–7.9 | ||||||||||||
NH4-N con. in the synthetic reject water | 60–70 | |||||||||||||
NH4-N load in the reactor | 27–32 | |||||||||||||
Initial NH4-N con. in the reactor | 27–35 |
Sample Name | DeammonC_INI | DeammonC_END |
---|---|---|
Sampling day | 1 | 90 |
Total number of the reads | 186,479 | 168,484 |
Total number of the reads after QC | 126,510 | 113,998 |
Avg. length | 444 | 496 |
Number of the OTUs per 1000 reads | 125 | 188 |
Physiological Function | Affiliation to the Specific Taxonomic Level | Abundance [%] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DeammonC_INI | DeammonC_END | ||||
AOB | Proteobacteria > Betaproteobacteria > Nitrosomonadales > Nitrosomonas | 2.0 | 0.8 | ||
NOB | Nitrospirae > Nitrospira > Nitrospirales > Nitrospiraceae > Nitrospira | 0.7 | 0.2 | ||
Anammox | Planctomycetes > Planctomycetacia > Planctomycetales > unclassified Planctomycetales > Candidatus Brocadia | 8.1 | 1.8 | ||
HET 1 | Actinobacteria | 7.5 | Total HET 57.0 | 7.8 | Total HET 75.3 |
Acidobacteria | 4.2 | 2.0 | |||
Chlorobi > Ignavibacteria > Ignavibacteriales | 7.0 | 11.0 | |||
Chloroflexi > Anaerolineae | 25.0 | 26.0 | |||
Chloroflexi > Thermomicrobiales | 4.0 | 5.0 | |||
Firmicutes > Bacilli > Bacillales > Bacillaceae > Bacillus | 2.1 | 13.0 | |||
Firmicutes > Clostridia > Clostridiales | 0.4 | 1.2 | |||
Patescibacteria | 0.8 | 3.0 | |||
Proteobacteria > Gammaproteobacteria > Pseudomonadales | 1.7 | 0.1 | |||
Proteobacteria > Gammaproteobacteria > Burkholderiales | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||
Proteobacteria > Alphaproteobacteria > Rhizobiales | 3.0 | 4.0 |
Lp. | C/N | Temperature [°C] | DO [mg/L] | Removal Efficiency [%] | Remarks | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH4-N | TN | |||||||
1 | 0.75 | 35 | 0.4–0.6 | 52 | 62 | In this SNAD process is the bioreactor bioreactor biological reactor (NRBC). On day 27. the dose of COD was lowered with 150 mg/L per 100 mg/L. | [31] | |
0.5 | 79 | 70 | ||||||
2 | 1.1 | 30 | 0.8–1.2 | 54 | 38.9 | The C/N ratios in SBR were gradually increased. Above C/N of 2.5, the efficiency of the process decreased. | [32] | |
1,5 | 77.3 | 63.1 | ||||||
2 | 79.9 | 73.5 | ||||||
2,5 | 83.4 | 77.3 | ||||||
>2,5 | failure | |||||||
3 | 1,1 | 32 | Continuous aeration DO = 0.27 (P1) | >70 | 58.8 | The process was carried out in SBR using real wastewater. Alternating aeration was used as a way to reduce the production of nitrates. In phase IV, SRT from 50d to 80d was increased. | [28] | |
Continuous aeration DO = 0.17 (P2) | >60 | 14.7 | ||||||
Intermittent aeration DO = 0.5 (P3) | >50 | 56.8 | ||||||
Intermittent aeration DO = 0.5 (P4) | >70 | >50 | ||||||
4 | 0.01 | 32 | 1–1.5 | 95 | 77.88 | Raw sewage containing mainly refractory materials. The process was carried out in SBR. PN/A was used to process the supernatant from anaerobic digestion. | [33] | |
0.13 | - | 83.69 | ||||||
0.22 | - | 85.1 | ||||||
0.15 | - | 82.59 | ||||||
0.22 | - | 68.62 | ||||||
0.35 | - | 88.85 | ||||||
5 | 1 | 30 | <0.5 | - | 61 | The SAD process was carried out in two series with different XH/XAN ratios. The values given refer to the series A with the ratio XH/XAN = 0.4. | [34] | |
1.8 | - | 99.5 | ||||||
6 | 0.1 | 25–30 | 0.1–1 | - | 6.8 | Process in a granule-based reactor. The effect of C/N ratio. DO value and granule size on the SNAD process was investigated. | [16] | |
1 | - | <70 | ||||||
3 | - | 73.6 | ||||||
7 | 0.5 | 15 | 2.9 | - | 36 | The OLAND process at RBC has been used. The research also concerned the influence of temperature. which was gradually adjusted from 29° to 15°. | [35] | |
1 | 2.5 | - | 45 | |||||
1.5 | 2.4 | - | 23 | |||||
2 | 3 | - | 28 | |||||
2 | 3.6 | - | 23 | |||||
2 | 3.2 | - | 42 | |||||
8 | 1.2 | - | - | 99 | 84–95 | The process was conducted in two identical SBBRs. | [36] | |
9 | <0.5 | 30 | 0.07 | - | 80 | The laboratory scale reactor was started with the suspended biomass from the nitriding/anammox reactor to process the supernatant from the sludge digestion chamber. SRT was adjusted to improve bacterial activity. | [9] | |
1.4 | - | >95 | ||||||
10 | 1st series | 1 | 20 | - | 100 | 79 | The TN and NH4-N removal efficiency values given are average values. Apart from the C/N ratio, their value is affected by changes in the aeration method in individual phases. | [our study] |
2 | 76 | 35.9 | ||||||
1 | 78.8 | 68.7 | ||||||
2 | 99.9 | 83.6 | ||||||
3 | 85.7 | 71.3 | ||||||
2nd series | 1 | 20 | - | 98.6 | 67.4 | |||
1.5 | 97.8 | 76.8 | ||||||
2 | 99.9 | 84 | ||||||
2.5 | 99.9 | 86.7 | ||||||
3 | 51 | 39 |
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Al-Hazmi, H.; Grubba, D.; Majtacz, J.; Kowal, P.; Makinia, J. Evaluation of Partial Nitritation/Anammox (PN/A) Process Performance and Microorganisms Community Composition under Different C/N Ratio. Water 2019, 11, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112270
Al-Hazmi H, Grubba D, Majtacz J, Kowal P, Makinia J. Evaluation of Partial Nitritation/Anammox (PN/A) Process Performance and Microorganisms Community Composition under Different C/N Ratio. Water. 2019; 11(11):2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112270
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Hazmi, Hussein, Dominika Grubba, Joanna Majtacz, Przemyslaw Kowal, and Jacek Makinia. 2019. "Evaluation of Partial Nitritation/Anammox (PN/A) Process Performance and Microorganisms Community Composition under Different C/N Ratio" Water 11, no. 11: 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112270