Elimination of Micropollutants in Activated Sludge Reactors with a Special Focus on the Effect of Biomass Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sequencing Batch Reactors
2.2.1. Design of the SBRs
2.2.2. Operation of the SBRs
2.2.3. Sludge Inoculum
2.2.4. Synthetic Wastewater
2.2.5. Adjustment of SRT
2.3. Kinetics of MP Removal in SBR
2.4. Apparent-First-Order Kinetics Estimation
2.5. Analytical Methods
2.5.1. Quantification of MPs by LC-MS/MS
2.5.2. Measurement of Basic Chemical Parameters of Wastewater
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of SRT on MP Elimination in Activated Sludge
3.2. Influence of HRT on MP Elimination in Activated Sludge
3.3. Overall Synthesis of the Impact of SRT and HRT
3.3.1. MP Removal Efficiency
3.3.2. Global Effect of SRT and HRT
3.4. Effect of Biomass Concentration on MP Elimination in Activated Sludge
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound * | Application | Molecular Weight (g mol−1) | pKa | Log Kow | Kd (L kgSS−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caffeine | Stimulant | 194.1 | 14.0 ([25]) | −0.07 ([14]) | - |
Sulfametoxazole | Antibiotic | 253.2 | 7.1 ([26]) | 0.48 ([26]) | 200–400 ([26]) |
Benzotriazole | Corrosion inhibitor/detergent | 119.1 | 8.2–8.8 ([27]) | 1.23 ([28]) | 220 (±9) ([28]) |
Roxithromycin | Antibiotic | 837.0 | 9.2 ([26]) | 2.1–2.8 ([26]) | 200–400 ([26]) |
Erythromycin | Antibiotic | 733.9 | 8.8 ([26]) | 2.48 ([26]) | 160 ([26]) |
Diclofenac | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 296.1 | 4.5 ([26]) | 4.02 ([26]) | 16 ([26]) |
Carbamazepine | Anti-epileptic drug | 236.2 | 13.9 ([26]) | 2.45 ([26]) | 0.1 ([26]) |
Kinetics Experiments | |||
---|---|---|---|
SBR-3 | SBR-10 | SBR-20 | |
Experimental set-up | |||
Activated sludge source | After secondary treatment from WWTP 1, Germany | Trickling filters from WWTP 2, Germany | |
Synthetic wastewater feed | 1.2 gCOD gTSS−1 d−1 0.08 gN gTSS−1 d−1 | 0.5 gCOD gTSS−1 d−1 0.08 gN gTSS−1 d−1 | 0.1 gCOD gTSS−1 d−1 0.08 gN gTSS−1 d−1 |
HRT | 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h | 4 h |
Effect of SRT on Apparent Removal Rate Constant k′ (h−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRT: 4 h | |||||||
Micropollutants | Degree of Biodegradability | SRT-3 | SRT-10 | SRT-20 | Change of k′ from SRT-3 to SRT-10 | Change of k′ from SRT-10 to SRT-20 | Change of k′ from SRT-3 to SRT-20 |
CAF | High | 1.271 ± 0.105 | 1.356 ± 0.101 | 1.882 ± 0.032 | Increase by 1.07 | Increase by 1.39 | Increase by 1.48 |
SMX | Moderate | 0.148 ± 0.025 | 0.252 ± 0.042 | 0.393 ± 0.079 | Increase by 1.70 | Increase by 1.56 | Increase by 2.66 |
BZT | Moderate | 0.169 ± 0.036 | 0.239 ± 0.043 | 0.260 ± 0.039 | Increase by 1.41 | Increase by 1.09 | Increase by 1.54 |
ROX | Moderate | 0.232 ± 0.156 | 0.172 ± 0.036 | 0.156 ± 0.024 | Decrease by 1.35 | Decrease by 1.10 | Decrease by 1.35 |
ERY | Moderate | 0.185 ± 0.020 | 0.165 ± 0.090 | 0.132 ± 0.123 | Decrease by 1.12 | Decrease by 1.25 | Decrease by 1.48 |
DCF | Low | 0.044 ± 0.121 | 0.059 ± 0.148 | 0.064 ± 0.138 | Increase by 1.34 | Increase by 1.08 | Increase by 1.45 |
CBZ | Low | 0.041 ± 0.047 | 0.052 ± 0.093 | 0.057 ± 0.094 | Increase by 1.27 | Increase by 1.09 | Increase by 1.39 |
Effect on HRT on Apparent Removal Rate Constant k′ (h−1) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPs | SRT-3 | SRT-10 | ||||||||||
HRT: 4 h | HRT: 8 h | HRT: 12 h | Change of k′ from 4 h to 8 h | Change of k′ from 8 h to 12 h | Global Change of k′ from 4 h to 12 h | HRT: 4 h | HRT: 8 h | HRT: 12 h | Change of k′ from 4 h to 8 h | Change of k′ from 8 h to 12 h | Global Change of k′ from 4 h to 12 h | |
CAF | 1.271 | 1.381 | 1.692 | Increase by 1.08 | Increase by 1.22 | Increase by 1.33 | 1.356 | 1.735 | 1.909 | Increase by 1.27 | Increase by 1.10 | Increase by 1.41 |
SMX | 0.148 | 0.225 | 0.321 | Increase by 1.52 | Increase by 1.42 | Increase by 2.17 | 0.252 | 0.302 | 0.396 | Increase by 1.20 | Increase by 1.31 | Increase by 1.57 |
BZT | 0.169 | 0.238 | 0.265 | Increase by 1.41 | Increase by 1.11 | Increase by 1.57 | 0.239 | 0.257 | 0.348 | Increase by 1.08 | Increase by 1.35 | Increase by 1.45 |
ROX | 0.232 | 0.257 | 0.322 | Increase by 1.11 | Increase by 1.25 | Increase by 1.39 | 0.172 | 0.205 | 0.252 | Increase by 1.19 | Increase by 1.23 | Increase by 1.46 |
ERY | 0.185 | 0.227 | 0.262 | Increase by 1.23 | Increase by 1.15 | Increase by 1.42 | 0.165 | 0.182 | 0.221 | Increase by 1.10 | Increase by 1.21 | Increase by 1.34 |
DCF | 0.044 | 0.055 | 0.061 | Increase by 1.25 | Increase by 1.11 | Increase by 1.11 | 0.059 | 0.068 | 0.075 | Increase by 1.15 | Increase by 1.08 | Increase by 1.27 |
CBZ | 0.041 | 0.044 | 0.049 | Increase by 1.07 | Increase by 1.11 | Increase by 1.19 | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.058 | Increase by 1.09 | Increase by 1.02 | Increase by 1.12 |
MPs | k′expected (h−1) | k′experimental (h−1) | Δk′ | Calculated CMP for k′expected (Equation (3)) | Calculated CMP for k′experimental (Equation (3)) | Removal Efficiency (%) of CMPs expected | Removal Efficiency (%) of CMPs experimental | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAF | 5.20 | 3.38 | 1.82 | 54 | 1.54 | 0.00000043 | 0.000072 | 174 | 99.99 | 99.99 | 1.00 |
SMX | 0.88 | 0.52 | 0.36 | 69 | 1.71 | 0.091 | 0.26 | 2.81 | 91.74 | 76.82 | 0.84 |
BZT | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 78 | 1.78 | 0.093 | 0.25 | 2.70 | 89.63 | 71.98 | 0.80 |
ROX | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 67 | 1.69 | 0.17 | 0.32 | 1.89 | 78.95 | 60.29 | 0.76 |
ERY | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 50 | 1.49 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 1.52 | 72.06 | 57.62 | 0.80 |
DCF | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 50 | 1.49 | 0.66 | 0.77 | 1.18 | 39.95 | 29.02 | 0.73 |
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Hatoum, R.; Potier, O.; Roques-Carmes, T.; Lemaitre, C.; Hamieh, T.; Toufaily, J.; Horn, H.; Borowska, E. Elimination of Micropollutants in Activated Sludge Reactors with a Special Focus on the Effect of Biomass Concentration. Water 2019, 11, 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112217
Hatoum R, Potier O, Roques-Carmes T, Lemaitre C, Hamieh T, Toufaily J, Horn H, Borowska E. Elimination of Micropollutants in Activated Sludge Reactors with a Special Focus on the Effect of Biomass Concentration. Water. 2019; 11(11):2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112217
Chicago/Turabian StyleHatoum, Rana, Olivier Potier, Thibault Roques-Carmes, Cécile Lemaitre, Tayssir Hamieh, Joumana Toufaily, Harald Horn, and Ewa Borowska. 2019. "Elimination of Micropollutants in Activated Sludge Reactors with a Special Focus on the Effect of Biomass Concentration" Water 11, no. 11: 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112217