The Impact of Recreational Activities on Aquatic Vegetation in Alpine Lakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Studied Area
2.2. Field Study
2.3. Evaluation of the Degree of Anthropogenic Pressure
- (1)
- 1—very difficult or impossible access,
- (2)
- 2—difficult access,
- (3)
- 3—minor obstacles or easy access.
- Accessibility class I—minor obstacles or easy access—(10–12),
- Accessibility class II—difficult access—(7–9),
- Accessibility class III—very difficult or impossible access—(4–6).
- Cover class I—(856 m2–5213 m2).
- Cover class II—(258 m2–855 m2).
- Cover class III—(0 m2–257 m2).
3. Results and Discussion
4. Practical Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Entrance in Palenica Białczańska | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of entrances (persons/day) | 5609 | 6140 | 6675 | 7183 | 7445 |
Percentage of all entrances to the TNP (%) | 30.9 | 36.4 | 34.3 | 34.3 | 35.6 |
Parameter | Weight | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
X1—Distance from the lake shore (m) | above 6 | (3–6) | up to 3 |
X2—Average trail height above the lake surface (m) | above 1 | (0.5–1) | below 0.5 |
X3—Presence of trees and shrubs obstructing access to the lake (%) | above 50 | (25–50) | below 25 |
X4—Presence of boulders and steep rock surfaces obstructing access to the lake (%) | above 50 | (25–50) | below 25 |
Trail Segment | Parameters and Weights for Trail Segments | Sum of Weights—Accessibility Class—KD | Number of Access Points | Plant Cover (m2)—Cover Class—KP | Correspondence Between KD and KP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morskie Oko | ||||||||
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | |||||
1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 12—(I) | 1 | 3630—(I) | + |
2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 9—(II) | 1 | 431—(II) | + |
3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5—(III) | 0 | 72—(III) | + |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 0 | 396—(II) | +/− |
5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 10—(I) | 2 | 396—(II) | +/− |
6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 11—(I) | 2 | 390—(II) | +/− |
7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6—(III) | 0 | 323—(II) | +/− |
8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 0 | 0—(III) | + |
9 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6—(III) | 0 | 0—(III) | + |
10 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6—(III) | 0 | 0—(III) | + |
11 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7—(II) | 0 | 0—(III) | +/− |
12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6—(III) | 1 | 464—(II) | +/− |
13 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 11—(I) | 2 | 646—(II) | +/− |
14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5—(III) | 3 | 855—(II) | +/− |
15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5—(III) | 1 | 619—(II) | +/− |
16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5—(III) | 0 | 257—III) | + |
17 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 8—(II) | 0 | 108—(III) | +/− |
18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 1 | 397—(II) | +/− |
19 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 11—(I) | 1 | 543—(II) | +/− |
20 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 7—(II) | 1 | 499—(II) | + |
21 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7—(II) | 0 | 230—(III) | +/− |
22 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6—(III) | 0 | 469—(II) | +/− |
23 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6—(III) | 0 | 4620—(I) | − |
24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5—(III) | 0 | 4730—(I) | − |
25 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 11—(I) | 1 | 5213—(I) | + |
Czarny Staw pod Rysami | ||||||||
26 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
27 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
28 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 7—(II) | 1 | 0—(I) | +/− |
29 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
30 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5—(III) | 1 | 0—(I) | + |
31 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
32 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5—(III) | 2 | 0—(I) | + |
33 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7—(II) | 0 | 0—(I) | +/− |
34 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 1 | 0—(I) | + |
35 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
36 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
37 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4—(III) | 0 | 0—(I) | + |
Full Correspondence | Absence of Correspondence in 1 Class | Absence of Correspondence in 2 Classes | |
---|---|---|---|
Morskie Oko | 9 | 14 | 2 |
Czarny Staw pod Rysami | 10 | 2 | 0 |
Total | 19 | 16 | 2 |
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Dynowski, P.; Senetra, A.; Źróbek-Sokolnik, A.; Kozłowski, J. The Impact of Recreational Activities on Aquatic Vegetation in Alpine Lakes. Water 2019, 11, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010173
Dynowski P, Senetra A, Źróbek-Sokolnik A, Kozłowski J. The Impact of Recreational Activities on Aquatic Vegetation in Alpine Lakes. Water. 2019; 11(1):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010173
Chicago/Turabian StyleDynowski, Piotr, Adam Senetra, Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik, and Jacek Kozłowski. 2019. "The Impact of Recreational Activities on Aquatic Vegetation in Alpine Lakes" Water 11, no. 1: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010173
APA StyleDynowski, P., Senetra, A., Źróbek-Sokolnik, A., & Kozłowski, J. (2019). The Impact of Recreational Activities on Aquatic Vegetation in Alpine Lakes. Water, 11(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010173