Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Improved Water Pricing Mechanism: Why Now?
3. Study Area
4. Methodology
4.1. Value of Irrigation Water
4.2. Pricing Irrigation Water
- Designed discharge of distributary outlet ()
- Length of growing season (days)
- Unit price coefficient =
- Total O&M cost for a given fiscal year (PKR)
- Volume of canal water available at the farm gate (m3)
- Assessed allocated irrigation time per hectare in Warabandi system (min)
- Uniform irrigation depth (m)
- Complete cycle of water rotation (days)
- Culturable command area of distributary (hectare)
5. Results
5.1. Economic Characterization of Irrigated Crops in Rakh Branch Command Area
5.2. Irrigation Water Pricing for Full Cost Recovery
6. Discussions
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Crops | Average Yield (×40 kg)/Hectare (Study Area) | Average Yield (×40 kg)/Hectare (National) | Biological Potential (×40 kg)/Hectare |
---|---|---|---|
Wheat | 98.84 | 74.13 | 180.383 |
Sugarcane | 1976.8 | 1435.651 | 4447.8 |
Rice | 160.615 | 135.905 | 222.39 |
Location of Disty | Name of Disty | Length of Distributary (Km) | Designed Discharge (Cumecs) | No. of Outlets | Water Allowance (Cumecs/1000 Hec) | G.C.A (Hectare) | C.C.A (Hectare) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | Ratti Disty | 0.724 | 0.025 | 3 | 0.039 | 709.025 | 643.869 |
Middle | Gulliana Disty | 2.832 | 0.419 | 9 | 0.198 | 2260.219 | 1951.437 |
Lower-Middle | Khair Ali Disty | 14.934 | 1.313 | 28 | 0.198 | 7095.913 | 5655.200 |
Tail | Gatti Disty | 7.515 | 0.582 | 14 | 0.198 | 3453.258 | 2364.630 |
Crop | Average Dose (m3/hectare) | Number of Irrigation Events | ETP-Max (m3/Hectare) | RIS-Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | 4064.96 | 4 | 4575.55 | 0.890 |
Sugarcane | 25,405.99 | 25 | 18,039.63 | 1.408 |
Rice | 14,477.71 | 12 | 16,089.08 | 0.900 |
Fiscal Year | Establishment Cost * (In Million PKR) | Infrastructure Maintenance Cost (In Million PKR) | Total O&M Cost (In Million PKR) | Abiana Collected (In Million PKR) | Cost Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 2886 | 1377 | 4263 | 1205 | 28.266 |
2004 | 3127 | 1369 | 4496 | 1108 | 24.644 |
2005 | 3611 | 1792 | 5403 | 1033 | 19.119 |
2006 | 4163 | 2089 | 6252 | 1228 | 19.642 |
2007 | 4371 | 2055 | 6426 | 1223 | 19.032 |
2008 | 4665 | 2646 | 7311 | 1297 | 17.740 |
2009 | 5098 | 2788 | 7886 | 1432 | 18.159 |
2010 | 5588 | 3009 | 8597 | 1882 | 21.891 |
2011 | 4980 | 2682 | 7662 | 1609 | 21.000 |
2012 | 6267 | 3370 | 9637 | 1660 | 17.225 |
2013 | 6854 | 3376 | 10,230 | 1301 | 12.717 |
2014 | 7375 | 3971 | 11,346 | 1121 | 9.880 |
2015 | 7076 | 3485 | 10,561 | 1211 | 11.467 |
2016 | 7418 | 3980 | 11,398 | 1017 | 8.923 |
Farmer Type | Crop | Economic Result Per Hectare | Apparent Productivity | Residual Value | Paid by Farmers to Irrigation PID | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sale (PKR/Hectare) | Gross Margin (PKR/Hectare) | Sales/Water (PKR/m3) | Gross Margin/Water (PKR /m3) | Excluding Fixed Costs (PKR/m3) | Irrigation Bill (PKR/m3) | ||
Average Farmer | Wheat | 128,492 | 62,086.3 | 32 | 15 | 7.2 | 0.054 |
(128,492) | (57,228.3) | (32) | (14) | (5.9) | (0.202) | ||
Sugarcane | 355,824 | 180,400.3 | 14.0 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 0.044 | |
(355,824) | (158,985.1) | (14.0) | (6.2) | (3.7) | (0.110) | ||
Rice | 192,738 | 96,567.47 | 13.3 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 0.076 | |
(192,738) | (92,174.5) | (13.3) | (6.4) | (4.5) | (0.145) | ||
Progressive Farmer | Wheat | 208,799.5 | 129,682.1 | 51.4 | 31.9 | 26.9 | 0.054 |
(208,799.5) | (124,200.1) | (51.4) | (30.5) | (25.8) | (0.202) | ||
Sugarcane | 489,258 | 291,052.9 | 19.2 | 11.4 | 9.8 | 0.044 | |
(489,258) | (267,925.9) | (19.2) | (10.5) | (8.9) | (0.110) | ||
Rice | 213,494.4 | 101,699.6 | 14.7 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 0.076 | |
(213,494.4) | (96,818.9) | (14.7) | (6.7) | (5.9) | (0.145) |
Crop | Present Price | Proposed Prices | Deficit | Prices for the Recovery of Infrastructure Maintenance Only | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collection from Farmers (PKR) | Price as Percentage of Value of Water (%) | For 100% Cost Recovery (PKR) | Price as Percentage of Value of Water (%) | (PKR) | (PKR) | |
Wheat | 123.5 | 0.8 | 852.0 | 5.0 | 728.5 | 282.3 |
(123.5) | (3.4) | (228.2) | (6.0) | (104.7) | (75.6) | |
Sugarcane | 333.6 | 1.0 | 2852.8 | 7.9 | 2519.2 | 945.1 |
(333.6) | (3.0) | (1141.1) | (9.7) | (807.5) | (378.0) | |
Rice | 210.0 | 1.6 | 1029.6 | 7. 5 | 819.6 | 341.1 |
(210.0) | (3.3) | (542) | (8.0) | (331.9) | (179.5) |
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Qamar, M.U.; Azmat, M.; Abbas, A.; Usman, M.; Shahid, M.A.; Khan, Z.M. Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal. Water 2018, 10, 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040509
Qamar MU, Azmat M, Abbas A, Usman M, Shahid MA, Khan ZM. Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal. Water. 2018; 10(4):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040509
Chicago/Turabian StyleQamar, Muhammad Uzair, Muhammad Azmat, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, and Zahid Mahmood Khan. 2018. "Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal" Water 10, no. 4: 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040509
APA StyleQamar, M. U., Azmat, M., Abbas, A., Usman, M., Shahid, M. A., & Khan, Z. M. (2018). Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal. Water, 10(4), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040509