Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- the annual probability of soil salinization below a considered threshold at the start of the tomato spring–summer cropping season. This probability is inversely related to the total amount of rainfall that occurred in the previous fall–winter period, which acts in promoting salt leaching;
- (ii)
- the consequent damage to the tomato cultivation caused by soil salinization in terms of crop yield reduction with respect to the expected maximum yield.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reference Area
2.2. Dynamic of Aquifer and Soil Salinity in the Reference Area
2.3. Environmental Data
2.4. Simulation Model of Water and Soil Salinity Balance
2.5. Simulation Conditions and Scenarios of Salinity Risk
2.6. Procedure to Assess the Soil Salinization Risk
3. Results
3.1. Climatic and Irrigation Trends
3.2. Time-Course of Soil Salinity
3.3. Distribution of Precipitation in the Fallow Period and Salt Leaching Capacity by Rainfall
3.4. Simulated Decrease of Tomato Yields Due to Water Salinity
4. Discussion
- (a)
- considerably reduce the total amount of salts brought into the soil with irrigation; this means reducing the total amount of irrigation water and applying water with a lower salt concentration;
- (b)
- make the most of the amount of fresh water (i.e., rainfall) in benefitting the soil through salt leaching.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Attributes HWSD [32] 1 | Crop Attributes (Tomato) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Soil unit (FAO 90) 2 | Eutric Fluvisols | ET crop coefficient | |
Texture (USDA) 3 | loam | Initial value | Kc IN = 0.5 |
sand | 39% | Maximum value | KC.MAX = 1.2 |
silt | 40% | Inflection point | F = 25 t (day of crop) cycle) |
clay | 21% | Increase rate | G1 = 0.21 t−1 |
gravel | 4% | Decrease rate | G2 = 0.05 t−1 |
bulk density | 1.4 kg dm−3 | Crop rooting depth | |
OM | 1.5% | Initial value | H IN = 200 mm |
WFC | 270 mm m−1 | Maximum value | H MAX = 600 mm |
WWP | 120 mm m−1 | Inflection point | F = 36 t |
WAV (WFC − WWP) | 150 mm m−1 | Increase rate | G = 0.09 t−1 |
pH | 7.2 | Irrigation management | |
ESP | 2% | Readily available fraction | α = 4% |
CEC | 16 cmol kg−1 | Leaching fraction | λ = 20% |
Phase | Saline | Leaching efficiency | γ = 80% |
Obstacles to Roots | >800 mm | Crop Salinity yield crease | δ = 3; ECe 50 = 8 dS m−1 |
Impermeable Layer | >1500 mm | Crop cycle | 110–230 day of the year |
Soil Water Regime | Wet soil conditions: | Water salinity | 3 modelling scenarios: |
(0–800 mm) 3–6 months | annual average value | ECi AV = 2, 3, 4 dS m−1 | |
(0–400 mm) < 1 month | annual amplitude | ΔECi = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 dS m−1 | |
Terrain slope | Flat: 0–0.5% | annual phase | Ph = 130° day of the year |
Drainage class | Poor |
S3 | S4 | S5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Layer | Estimate | Dev Std | Estimate | Dev Std | Estimate | Dev Std |
(mm) | (dS m−1) | (dS m−1) | (dS m−1) | (dS m−1) | (dS m−1) | (dS m−1) |
L1: 0–200 | 1.58 | 0.24 | 2.18 | 0.34 | 2.80 | 0.44 |
L2: 200–400 | 3.65 | 0.74 | 5.06 | 1.04 | 6.51 | 1.34 |
L3: 400–600 | 4.51 | 1.33 | 6.24 | 1.86 | 7.98 | 2.41 |
L4: 400–600 | 3.53 | 1.60 | 4.93 | 2.24 | 6.29 | 2.90 |
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Libutti, A.; Cammerino, A.R.B.; Monteleone, M. Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions. Water 2018, 10, 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111503
Libutti A, Cammerino ARB, Monteleone M. Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions. Water. 2018; 10(11):1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111503
Chicago/Turabian StyleLibutti, Angela, Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, and Massimo Monteleone. 2018. "Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions" Water 10, no. 11: 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111503