Optimized Water and Fertilizer Management of Mature Jujube in Xinjiang Arid Area Using Drip Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Field Experiment Layout
2.3. Experiment Design
2.4. Measurements and Methods Applied
2.4.1. Crop Growth
2.4.2. Photosynthetic Characteristics
2.4.3. Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Contents
2.4.4. Water and Fertilizer Efficiency and Crop Yield
2.4.5. Water and Fertilizer Optimization Method
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Effects of Water–Fertilizer Treatments on the Physiological Indicators
3.2. Effects of Water–Fertilizer Treatments on the Growth Indexes and Crop Yield
3.3. Optimized Water and Fertilizer Managements of Jujube in the Xinjiang Area
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Soil Layer/cm | Soil Type | Field Moisture Capacity/(g·g−1) | Soil Bulk Density/(g·cm−3) | Soil Density/(g·cm−3) | Soil Total Porosity/% | Capillary Porosity/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 | loamy sand soil | 0.19 | 1.51 ± 0.03 | 2.05 ± 0.08 | 47.6 ± 1.35 | 45.28 ± 0.78 |
20–40 | sand soil | 0.20 | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 1.89 ± 0.05 | 42.11 ± 1.45 | 40.12 ± 0.98 |
40–60 | loamy sand soil | 0.19 | 1.53 ± 0.04 | 1.43 ± 0.06 | 43.27 ± 0.42 | 41.02 ± 0.87 |
60–80 | sand soil | 0.20 | 1.58 ± 0.07 | 2.09 ± 0.05 | 41.74 ± 1.05 | 39.24 ± 0.66 |
Year | Growth Stage | Period | Irrigation Treatment/mm | Fertilization Treatment/kg ha−1 | Flood Irrigation | Irrigation Times | Fertilization Times | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | W2 | W3 | F1 | F2 | F3 | W | F | |||||
2016 | Budding and shooting | 04/30–06/20 | 70 | 110 | 150 | 90 | 180 | 270 | 150 | 270 | 1 | 1 |
Flowering | 06/21–07/20 | 160 | 200 | 240 | 120 | 240 | 360 | 240 | 360 | 2 | 2 | |
Fruiting | 07/21–08/17 | 160 | 200 | 240 | 120 | 240 | 360 | 240 | 360 | 2 | 2 | |
White maturity | 08/18–09/18 | 160 | 200 | 240 | 120 | 240 | 360 | 240 | 360 | 2 | 2 | |
Fully maturity | 09/19–10/30 | 70 | 110 | 150 | — | — | — | 150 | — | 1 | 0 | |
2017 | Budding and shooting | 05/05–06/15 | 60 | 100 | 140 | 80 | 170 | 260 | 140 | 260 | 1 | 1 |
Flowering | 06/16–07/15 | 150 | 190 | 230 | 110 | 230 | 350 | 230 | 350 | 2 | 2 | |
Fruiting | 07/16–08/06 | 150 | 190 | 230 | 110 | 230 | 350 | 230 | 350 | 2 | 2 | |
White maturity | 08/07–09/16 | 150 | 190 | 230 | 110 | 230 | 350 | 230 | 350 | 2 | 2 | |
Fully maturity | 09/17–11/05 | 60 | 100 | 140 | — | — | — | 140 | — | 1 | 0 |
Years | Treatments | Pn/μmol·m−2·s−1 | Tr/mmol·m−2·s−1 | Gs/μmol·m−2·s−1 | Ci/μmol·m−2·s−1 | CC/mg·g−1 | PNUE/μmol·CO2·g−1 Ns−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | W1F1 | 7.26 ± 0.07 f | 3.15 ± 0.06 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 c | 447.50 ± 2.78 f | 49.2 ± 0.85 b | 1.96 ± 0.16 c |
W1F2 | 7.82 ± 0.12 e | 3.17 ± 0.02 b | 0.33 ± 0.02 c | 519.89 ± 3.38 e | 44.5 ± 1.25 c | 1.96 ± 0.08 c | |
W1F3 | 7.73 ± 0.04 e | 3.19 ± 0.05 b | 0.35 ± 0.10 c | 365.07 ± 5.11 g | 43.2 ± 0.38 c | 2.15 ± 0.02 b | |
W2F1 | 8.93 ± 0.03 a | 3.86 ± 0.01 a | 0.49 ± 0.02 a | 707.41 ± 4.48 a | 52.2 ± 0.51 ab | 2.20 ± 0.04 a | |
W2F2 | 8.34 ± 0.08 cd | 3.68 ± 0.02 a | 0.47 ± 0.04 ab | 639.25 ± 3.45 b | 44.9 ± 0.58 c | 2.25 ± 0.04 a | |
W2F3 | 8.43 ± 0.03 c | 3.76 ± 0.02 a | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 710.42 ± 2.79 a | 52.6 ± 1.77 ab | 1.99 ± 0.07 c | |
W3F1 | 8.24 ± 0.05 d | 3.27 ± 0.06 b | 0.35 ± 0.02 c | 631.01 ± 2.52 b | 51.9 ± 0.58 ab | 2.03 ± 0.02 c | |
W3F2 | 8.67 ± 0.13 b | 3.40 ± 0.06 b | 0.36 ± 0.02 c | 592.06 ± 2.04 c | 43.8 ± 0.77 c | 2.19 ± 0.03 a | |
W3F3 | 8.41 ± 0.09 cd | 3.28 ± 0.05 b | 0.44 ± 0.03 b | 536.53 ± 1.44 d | 53.0 ± 0.69 a | 1.97 ± 0.03 c | |
CK | 7.93 ± 0.15 e | 3.29 ± 0.04 b | 0.45 ± 0.27 b | 639.26 ± 2.56 b | 50.0 ± 0.53 ab | 2.03 ± 0.06 b | |
2017 | W1F1 | 7.54 ± 0.05 c | 3.24 ± 0.05 bc | 0.36 ± 0.01 c | 568.48 ± 2.78 d | 44.2 ± 0.74 d | 1.96 ± 0.05 c |
W1F2 | 7.78 ± 0.09 c | 3.28 ± 0.04 bc | 0.32 ± 0.02 c | 597.89 ± 4.31 c | 46.5 ± 1.17 c | 1.99 ± 0.07 c | |
W1F3 | 8.05 ± 0.06 bc | 3.09 ± 0.03 c | 0.42 ± 0.10 bc | 604.19 ± 6.48 c | 46.9 ± 0.98 c | 2.06 ± 0.03 b | |
W2F1 | 8.51 ± 0.04 a | 3.68 ± 0.06 a | 0.48 ± 0.02 a | 678.22 ± 4.48 a | 51.5 ± 0.74 a | 2.19 ± 0.05 a | |
W2F2 | 8.49 ± 0.07 ab | 3.57 ± 0.07 b | 0.41 ± 0.04 ab | 659.69 ± 3.45 ab | 46.6 ± 0.78 c | 2.14 ± 0.03 ab | |
W2F3 | 8.36 ± 0.06 cb | 3.49 ± 0.06 b | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 654.42 ± 6.74 ab | 51.6 ± 1.47 ab | 1.90 ± 0.05 c | |
W3F1 | 8.41 ± 0.08 b | 3.54 ± 0.06 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 ab | 648.27 ± 3.75 b | 50.9 ± 0.14 b | 2.11 ± 0.04 ab | |
W3F2 | 8.39 ± 0.08 b | 3.48 ± 0.03 b | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 652.34 ± 3.48 ab | 44.4 ± 0.87 cd | 2.12 ± 0.06 ab | |
W3F3 | 8.35 ± 0.10 b | 3.39 ± 0.02 b | 0.44 ± 0.03 b | 649.26 ± 5.10 b | 51.8 ± 0.79 a | 2.06 ± 0.04 b | |
CK | 8.21 ± 0.09 b | 3.45 ± 0.06 b | 0.45 ± 0.03 b | 635.19 ± 3.07 b | 51.1 ± 0.93 ab | 2.05 ± 0.05 b | |
Significant Analysis | |||||||
2016 | W (irrigation) | 10.35 * | 63.20 ** | 13.90 ** | 13.43 ** | 1.93 | 0.79 |
F (fertilization) | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.12 | |
W × F | 77.55 ** | 10.52 ** | 10.60 ** | 1251.19 * | 10.87 ** | 7.89 ** | |
2017 | W (irrigation) | 11.72 * | 54.69 ** | 25.49 ** | 19.48 ** | 0.86 | 0.99 |
F (fertilization) | 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.24 | |
W × F | 100.55 ** | 25.44 ** | 16.46 ** | 69.13 * | 14.59 ** | 10.01 ** |
Cropping Year | Treatments | ISL/mm | Y/kg ha−1 | iWUE/kg·m−3 | PFP/kg·kg−1 | EI/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | W1F1 | 48 ± 2.08 c | 5450 ± 104.58 d | 7.57 ± 0.15 b | 12.11 ± 0.54 b | — |
W1F2 | 51 ± 2.08 bc | 4661 ± 85.58 e | 6.47 ± 0.12 c | 5.53 ± 0.25 d | −14.48 | |
W1F3 | 53 ± 1.53 bc | 5879 ± 84.79 c | 8.17 ± 0.25 a | 4.75 ± 0.36 d | 7.87 | |
W2F1 | 54 ± 2.08 b | 6956 ± 125.79 a | 7.87 ± 0.14 ab | 16.12 ± 0.58 a | 33.14 | |
W2F2 | 58 ± 1.53 b | 6803 ± 84.89 b | 7.38 ± 0.19 b | 8.06 ± 0.44 c | 24.83 | |
W2F3 | 56 ± 1.53 b | 5799 ± 55.65 c | 6.29 ± 0.16 c | 4.69 ± 0.35 d | 6.40 | |
W3F1 | 57 ± 1.53 b | 5603 ± 89.81 cd | 5.19 ± 0.15 d | 12.45 ± 0.66 b | 2.81 | |
W3F2 | 64 ± 1.00 a | 4894 ± 95.73 e | 4.53 ± 0.14 e | 5.81 ± 0.45 d | −10.20 | |
W3F3 | 59 ± 1.53 ab | 5414 ± 105.23 d | 5.01 ± 0.21 d | 4.37 ± 0.22 d | −0.66 | |
CK | 61 ± 1.46 ab | 6796 ± 89.78 b | 6.31 ± 0.12 c | 5.49 ± 0.12 d | 24.70 | |
2017 | W1F1 | 49 ± 1.52 c | 5651 ± 97.85 d | 13.89 ± 0.15 b | 13.78 ± 0.54 b | — |
W1F2 | 51 ± 1.70 c | 5798 ± 106.46 e | 14.25 ± 0.12 c | 6.74 ± 0.25 d | 2.60 | |
W1F3 | 50 ± 2.03 c | 6047 ± 88.69 c | 14.86 ± 0.25 a | 4.62 ± 0.36 d | 7.01 | |
W2F1 | 55 ± 1.25 b | 7056 ± 111.45 a | 13.74 ± 0.14 ab | 17.20 ± 0.58 a | 24.86 | |
W2F2 | 57 ± 1.26 b | 6803 ± 109.48 b | 13.25 ± 0.19 b | 7.91 ± 0.44 c | 20.38 | |
W2F3 | 56 ± 1.73 b | 6716 ± 78.95 c | 13.07 ± 0.16 c | 5.12 ± 0.35 d | 18.84 | |
W3F1 | 60 ± 1.26 a | 6841 ± 97.58 cd | 10.57 ± 0.15 d | 16.68 ± 0.66 b | 21.06 | |
W3F2 | 62 ± 2.00 a | 5984 ± 108.44 e | 9.24 ± 0.14 e | 6.96 ± 0.45 d | 5.89 | |
W3F3 | 58 ± 1.25 ab | 6144 ± 97.52 d | 9.50 ± 0.21 d | 4.69 ± 0.22 d | 8.72 | |
CK | 61 ± 2.00 a | 6648 ± 91.42 b | 8.31 ± 0.12 c | 7.38 ± 0.12 d | 24.70 | |
Significant Analysis | ||||||
2016 | W (irrigation) | 8.46 * | 4.71 | 11.32 ** | 0.20 | / |
F (fertilization) | 0.70 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 29.01 ** | / | |
W × F | 78.12 ** | 78.01 ** | 155.82 ** | 758.71 ** | / | |
2017 | W (irrigation) | 10.11 * | 1.59 | 9.48 * | 0.22 | / |
F (fertilization) | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 18.75 ** | / | |
W × F | 56.89 ** | 98.46 * | 205.49 ** | 544.17 ** | / |
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Wang, Z.; Bian, Q.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, B. Optimized Water and Fertilizer Management of Mature Jujube in Xinjiang Arid Area Using Drip Irrigation. Water 2018, 10, 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101467
Wang Z, Bian Q, Zhang J, Zhou B. Optimized Water and Fertilizer Management of Mature Jujube in Xinjiang Arid Area Using Drip Irrigation. Water. 2018; 10(10):1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101467
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhenhua, Qingyong Bian, Jinzhu Zhang, and Bo Zhou. 2018. "Optimized Water and Fertilizer Management of Mature Jujube in Xinjiang Arid Area Using Drip Irrigation" Water 10, no. 10: 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101467