How Does Changing Ice-Out Affect Arctic versus Boreal Lakes? A Comparison Using Two Years with Ice-Out that Differed by More Than Three Weeks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Site Description
2.3. Climate Variables
2.4. Comparative Lake Sampling
2.4.1. Physical
2.4.2. Chemical
2.4.3. Biological
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Arctic Region
3.1.1. Comparison of Spring Response across Early and Late Ice-out Years
3.1.2. Comparison of Summer Response across Early and Late Ice-Out Years
3.2. Boreal Region
3.2.1. Comparison of Spring Response across Early and Late Ice-Out Years
3.2.2. Comparison of Summer across Early and Late Ice-Out Years
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Year | Arctic (Greenland) | Boreal (Jordan Pond) |
---|---|---|
2010 | 24 May | 22 March |
2011 | 14 June | 16 April |
2012 | 3 June | 19 March |
2013 | 9 June | 4 April |
2014 | 13 June | 14 April |
2015 | 17 June | 29 April |
2016 | 17 May | 17 March |
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Region | Spring | Summer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Ice-Out | Late Ice-Out | Early Ice-Out | Late Ice-Out | ||
Arctic | Year | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | 2013 |
Ice-out date | 18 May | 17 June | 18 May | 9 June | |
Sampling dates | 28–30 June | 27 June–1 July | 15–17 July | 19–21 July | |
Boreal | Year | 2012 | 2015 | 2012 | 2015 |
Ice-out date | 19 March | 29 April | 19 March | 29 April | |
Sampling dates | 11 June | 11 June | 12 July | 10 July |
Region | Lake | Lat | Long | Elevation (m) | Surface Area (km2) | Volume (×106 m3) | Max Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arctic | SS2 | 66.99 | −50.96 | 190 | 0.368 | 2.49 | 12 |
SS85 | 66.98 | −51.06 | 195 | 0.246 | 0.94 | 11 | |
SS1590 | 67.01 | −50.98 | 200 | 0.243 | 1.16 | 18 | |
Boreal | Jordan | 44.33 | −68.26 | 83 | 0.800 | 17.4 | 45 |
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Warner, K.A.; Fowler, R.A.; Northington, R.M.; Malik, H.I.; McCue, J.; Saros, J.E. How Does Changing Ice-Out Affect Arctic versus Boreal Lakes? A Comparison Using Two Years with Ice-Out that Differed by More Than Three Weeks. Water 2018, 10, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010078
Warner KA, Fowler RA, Northington RM, Malik HI, McCue J, Saros JE. How Does Changing Ice-Out Affect Arctic versus Boreal Lakes? A Comparison Using Two Years with Ice-Out that Differed by More Than Three Weeks. Water. 2018; 10(1):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010078
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarner, Kate A., Rachel A. Fowler, Robert M. Northington, Heera I. Malik, Joan McCue, and Jasmine E. Saros. 2018. "How Does Changing Ice-Out Affect Arctic versus Boreal Lakes? A Comparison Using Two Years with Ice-Out that Differed by More Than Three Weeks" Water 10, no. 1: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010078