Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling Site Description
Season | School | Classroom | Type | Year1 | Floor Level | Area (m2) | Volume (m3) | Type of Floor | Wo (m2) | Decor2 (m2) | Nr Pupils | Mean Age | Type of Ventilation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heating Season | S1 | C1 | E | 1967 | 1 | 70 | 195 | Tiles | 6 (14) | 15 | 28 | 8 | Natural |
C2 | E | 1967 | 1 | 58 | 162 | Tiles | 5 (13) | 20 | 23 | 6 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1967 | 1 | 58 | 162 | Tiles | 5 (13) | 10 | 22 | 7 | Natural | ||
S2 | C1 | E | 2000 * | 1 | 54 | 173 | Linoleum | 3 (6) | 20 | 26 | 6 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 2000 * | 1 | 59 | 189 | Linoleum | 2 (9) | 18 | 25 | 9 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 2000 * | 0 | 44 | 150 | Linoleum | 3 (3) | 15 | 12 | 9 | Natural | ||
S3 | C1 | N | 1980 | 1 | 55 | 153 | Linoleum | 3 (4) | 13 | 22 | 4 | Natural | |
C2 | N | 1954 | 1 | 55 | 178 | Linoleum | 5 (10) | 10 | 23 | 5 | Natural | ||
C3 | N | 1980 | 1 | 64 | 177 | Linoleum | 6 (17) | 14 | 23 | 3 | Natural | ||
S4 | C1 | N | 1977 | 0 | 59 | 186 | Linoleum | 3 (4) | 20 | 24 | 4 | MV1 | |
C2 | N | 1977 | 0 | 61 | 192 | Linoleum | 3 (4) | 25 | 23 | 3 | MV1 | ||
C3 | N | 1977 | 0 | 59 | 186 | Linoleum | 3 (4) | 20 | 25 | 5 | MV1 | ||
S5 | C1 | E | 2005 | 0 | 68 | 177 | Linoleum | 5 (13) | 12 | 23 | 6 | MV1 | |
C2 | E | 2005 | 1 | 69 | 186 | Linoleum | 5 (20) | 15 | 19 | 9 | MV1 | ||
C3 | E | 2005 | 1 | 64 | 160 | Linoleum | 5 (20) | 12 | 21 | 8 | MV1 | ||
S6 | C1 | E | 1957 | 0 | 57 | 177 | Tiles | 5 (9) | 8 | 26 | 10 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1957 | 1 | 56 | 180 | Tiles | 5 (9) | 12 | 27 | 6 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1957 | 1 | 55 | 179 | Tiles | 4 (7) | 11 | 22 | 9 | Natural | ||
S7 | C1 | N | 1887 | 0 | 36 | 119 | Linoleum | 2 (8) | 5 | 24 | 4 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1887 | 0 | 37 | 113 | Linoleum | 2 (5) | 7 | 13 | 9 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1997 | 0 | 38 | 90 | Linoleum | 4 (6) | 6 | 12 | 7 | Natural | ||
S8 | C1 | E | 1983 | 0 | 59 | 156 | Tiles | 3 (3) | 10 | 22 | 6 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1983 | 0 | 62 | 166 | Tiles | 3 (3) | 12 | 26 | 7 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1983 | 0 | 60 | 159 | Tiles | 6 (6) | 11 | 25 | 9 | Natural | ||
S9 | C1 | N | 2002 | 0 | 58 | 157 | Linoleum | 7 (6) | 12 | 28 | 5 | MV1 | |
C2 | N | 2002 | 0 | 60 | 162 | Linoleum | 8 (7) | 12 | 25 | 4 | MV1 | ||
C3 | N | 2002 | 0 | 58 | 157 | Linoleum | 10 (9) | 14 | 25 | 4 | MV1 | ||
S10 | C1 | E | 1971 | 0 | 56 | 167 | Tiles | 5 (14) | 10 | 20 | 7 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1971 | 1 | 57 | 171 | Tiles | 5 (10) | 6 | 22 | 8 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1971 | 1 | 57 | 171 | Tiles | 5 (10) | 11 | 22 | 10 | Natural | ||
Non-Heating Season | S11 | C1 | N | 1977 | 0 | 75 | 210 | Tiles | 4 (6) | 16 | 30 | 5 | Natural |
C2 | N | 2007 | 0 | 62 | 236 | Tiles | 2 (1) | 13 | 29 | 4 | MV2 | ||
C3 | N | 2007 | 0 | 61 | 232 | Tiles | 2 (1) | 22 | 26 | 3 | MV2 | ||
S12 | C1 | E | 1965 | 1 | 56 | 168 | Linoleum | 5 (8) | 18 | 22 | 6 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1965 | 1 | 56 | 168 | Linoleum | 5 (8) | 6 | 21 | 9 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1965 | 1 | 56 | 168 | Linoleum | 5 (8) | 11 | 26 | 8 | Natural | ||
S13 | C1 | N | 2001 | 0 | 69 | 173 | Tiles | 2 (2) | 6 | 28 | 3 | Natural | |
C2 | N | 2001 | 0 | 74 | 311 | Tiles | 4 (2) | 10 | 28 | 4 | Natural | ||
C3 | N | 1975 | 0 | 80 | 224 | Tiles | 7 (13) | 8 | 26 | 5 | Natural | ||
S14 | C1 | E | 1955 | 2 | 56 | 179 | Tiles | 4 (8) | 25 | 22 | 7 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1955 | 0 | 56 | 224 | Tiles | 3 (8) | 17 | 23 | 10 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 1955 | 0 | 56 | 224 | Tiles | 3 (8) | 7 | 24 | 8 | Natural | ||
S15 | C1 | E | 1958 | 1 | 54 | 162 | Tiles | 4 (8) | 9 | 25 | 7 | Natural | |
C2 | E | 1958 | 0 | 58 | 174 | Wood | 4 (8) | 15 | 23 | 7 | Natural | ||
C3 | E | 2000 * | 0 | 58 | 157 | Wood | 2 (7) | 14 | 23 | 8 | Natural | ||
S16 | C1 | N | 1975 | 0 | 53 | 153 | Linoleum | 4 (7) | 7 | 24 | 4 | Natural | |
C2 | N | 1975 | 0 | 53 | 153 | Linoleum | 4 (7) | 8 | 27 | 4 | Natural | ||
C3 | N | 1975 | 0 | 55 | 153 | Linoleum | 4 (7) | 8 | 27 | 3 | Natural | ||
S17 | C1 | N | 1973 | 0 | 55 | 176 | Linoleum | 2(1) | 15 | 26 | 3 | MV1 | |
C2 | N | 1973 | 0 | 61 | 171 | Linoleum | 3 (2) | 5 | 26 | 4 | MV1 | ||
C3 | N | 1973 | 0 | 59 | 165 | Linoleum | 3 (2) | 8 | 25 | 5 | MV1 |
2.2. Sample Collection and Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Allergens
2.2.2. Metals
Metal | Total Form | Leachable Form |
---|---|---|
As | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Cd | 0.8 | 0.4 |
Cr | 10 | 4 |
Cu | 32 | 15 |
Mn | 64 | 30 |
Pb | 2 | 1 |
Sb | 0.8 | 0.4 |
Sr | 8 | 5 |
V | 8 | 5 |
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Allergens
Floor Type | Parameter | Settled Dust Loading (g·m−2) | Allergen Concentration (µg·g−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fel d 1 | Can f 1 | |||
All (n = 61) | % > LOQ | - | 58% | 57% |
Mean ± SD | 0.25 ± 0.40 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.14 | |
Median | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | |
Smooth (n = 51) | % > LOQ | - | 54% | 54% |
Mean ± SD | 0.13 ± 0.16 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.13 ± 0.15 | |
Median | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | |
Carpet/rug (n = 10) | % > LOQ | - | 80% | 70% |
Mean ± SD | 0.87 ± 0.63 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.14 ± 0.09 | |
Median | 0.73 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
3.2. Metals
3.2.1. Loadings in Settled Dust
Metals (µg·m−2) | n | LOQ | % > LOQ | Mean ± SD | Min | P5 | P25 | Median | P75 | P95 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astotal | 151 | 0.6 | 96 | 3.4 ± 2.6 | <LOQ | 0.7 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 15.4 |
Asleachable | 152 | 0.2 | 99 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | <LOQ | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 17.3 |
Cdtotal | 151 | 0.8 | 8 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.8 | 12.4 |
Cdleachable | 151 | 0.4 | 26 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.5 | 3.8 |
Crtotal | 151 | 10 | 46 | 12 ± 11 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 17 | 32 | 83 |
Crleachable | 152 | 4 | 24 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 4 | 7 | 16 |
Cutotal | 151 | 32 | 26 | 43 ± 195 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 33 | 73 | 2399 |
Culeachable | 152 | 15 | 59 | 23 ± 26 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 17 | 26 | 62 | 193 |
Mntotal | 151 | 64 | 36 | 65 ± 72 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 78 | 164 | 643 |
Mnleachable | 152 | 30 | 57 | 36 ± 25 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 34 | 45 | 74 | 169 |
Pbtotal | 151 | 2 | 99 | 16 ± 19 | <LOQ | 4 | 7 | 9 | 17 | 46 | 128 |
Pbleachable | 151 | 1 | 100 | 12 ± 13 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 39 | 83 |
Sbtotal | 151 | 0.8 | 68 | 4.2 ± 14.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.2 | 2.3 | 14.5 | 117.9 |
Sbleachable | 152 | 0.4 | 37 | 0.9 ± 2.4 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.6 | 4.3 | 18.5 |
Srtotal | 151 | 8 | 100 | 35 ± 21 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 31 | 47 | 74 | 122 |
Srleachable | 152 | 5 | 100 | 27 ± 16 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 22 | 37 | 56 | 89 |
Vtotal | 151 | 8 | 23 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 18 | 86 |
Vleachable | 152 | 5 | 0 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
3.2.2. Leachability
3.2.3. Inter-and Intra-School Variability
3.2.4. Influence of Sampling Location within the Classroom
3.2.5. Influence of Flooring Material
3.2.6. Influence of Cleaning Frequency
3.2.7. Influence of Other Parameters
Season | School | Ventilation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal | Form | Heating | Non-Heating | p-value | Nursery | Elementary | p-value | Natural | Mechanical | p-value |
As | Total | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 0.064 | 3.5 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 2.6 | 0.789 | 3.3 ± 2.8 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 0.010 |
Leachable | 1.6 ± 2.3 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.323 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 2.2 | 0.466 | 1.3 ± 2.0 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 0.179 | |
Cd | Total | 0.53 ± 0.51 | 0.73 ± 1.60 | 0.952 | 0.80 ± 1.61 | 0.47 ± 0.35 | 0.086 | 0.65 ± 1.25 | 0.54 ± 0.57 | 0.855 |
Leachable | 0.42 ± 0.57 | 0.40 ± 0.51 | 0.834 | 0.49 ± 0.68 | 0.36 ± 0.41 | 0.721 | 0.41 ± 0.51 | 0.42 ± 0.64 | 0.208 | |
Cr | Total | 11 ± 8 | 14 ± 13 | 0.082 | 12 ± 13 | 12 ± 9 | 0.510 | 12 ± 10 | 11 ± 14 | 0.080 |
Leachable | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.939 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 2.8 | 0.002 | 3.4 ± 2.6 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 0.009 | |
Cu | Total | 52 ± 250 | 31 ± 31 | 0.048 | 29 ± 38 | 55 ± 260 | 0.355 | 49 ± 230 | 27 ± 34 | 0.220 |
Leachable | 21 ± 26 | 27 ± 26 | 0.006 | 24 ± 33 | 23 ± 20 | 0.821 | 24 ± 24 | 22 ± 31 | 0.270 | |
Mn | Total | 51 ± 43 | 85 ± 96 | 0.001 | 79 ± 100 | 55 ± 37 | 0.371 | 67 ± 78 | 62 ± 54 | 0.921 |
Leachable | 31 ± 20 | 42 ± 29 | 0.005 | 34 ± 28 | 37 ± 22 | 0.107 | 37 ± 26 | 31 ± 20 | 0.169 | |
Pb | Total | 14 ± 20 | 18 ± 16 | 0.018 | 12 ± 16 | 19 ± 20 | <0.001 | 18 ± 18 | 10 ± 18 | <0.001 |
Leachable | 11 ± 13 | 14 ± 14 | 0.020 | 7 ± 5 | 16 ± 16 | <0.001 | 15 ± 15 | 6 ± 4 | <0.001 | |
Sb | Total | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 7.3 ± 21.5 | 0.301 | 7.5 ± 21.0 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 0.775 | 5.0 ± 16.5 | 2.0 ± 2.6 | 0.861 |
Leachable | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 3.6 | 0.729 | 1.6 ± 3.5 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.765 | 1.1 ± 2.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.515 | |
Sr | Total | 32 ± 19 | 41 ± 21 | 0.003 | 34 ± 21 | 36 ± 20 | 0.301 | 38 ± 22 | 29 ± 15 | 0.048 |
Leachable | 26 ± 17 | 29 ± 15 | 0.074 | 23 ± 13 | 30 ± 18 | 0.013 | 30 ± 17 | 20 ± 10 | 0.004 | |
V | Total | 5.1 ± 3.0 | 9.4 ± 12.6 | 0.001 | 9.0 ± 12.3 | 5.2 ± 3.3 | 0.006 | 7.0 ± 10.0 | 6.5 ± 3.8 | 0.125 |
Leachable | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.408 | 2.5 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 0.388 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.553 |
3.2.8. Enrichment Factors
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Canha, N.; Mandin, C.; Ramalho, O.; Wyart, G.; Ribéron, J.; Dassonville, C.; Derbez, M. Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools. Atmosphere 2015, 6, 1676-1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6111676
Canha N, Mandin C, Ramalho O, Wyart G, Ribéron J, Dassonville C, Derbez M. Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools. Atmosphere. 2015; 6(11):1676-1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6111676
Chicago/Turabian StyleCanha, Nuno, Corinne Mandin, Olivier Ramalho, Guillaume Wyart, Jacques Ribéron, Claire Dassonville, and Mickael Derbez. 2015. "Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools" Atmosphere 6, no. 11: 1676-1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6111676
APA StyleCanha, N., Mandin, C., Ramalho, O., Wyart, G., Ribéron, J., Dassonville, C., & Derbez, M. (2015). Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools. Atmosphere, 6(11), 1676-1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6111676