Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5): A Review on Time Series Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Stage 1: Identifying the Research Question
2.2. Stage 2: Identifying Relevant Studies
2.3. Stage 3: Study Selection
- Search strategy for identifying only articles published in English. Keywords used Boolean operators (OR, AND) during the search process;
- cardiovascular OR CVD, respiratory, cardiorespiratory, AND;
- PM2.5 OR particulate matter 2.5, AND;
- time series.
- 2.
- All articles were restricted to those that have been published from January 2016 to January 2021 to limit the search to recent publications within the previous 5 years;
- 3.
- To avoid duplications and biases, the researchers reviewed together each of the articles to screen titles and abstracts from the databases for eligibility. In the next step, two reviewers independently reviewed and evaluated the full-text articles. Only primary research articles were evaluated to confirm inclusion based on the methodology used on the exposure and association assessment criteria.
2.4. Stage 4: Charting the Data
2.5. Stage 5: Collating, Reporting, and Summarizing the Results
- Authors names;
- Year of publication;
- Duration and year of study;
- Study location by country and continent;
- Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases;
- International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD);
- Health endpoints (either mortality, hospital admissions, hospital visits, or emergency visits);
- Types of susceptible groups (either children, adults, the elderly, or not specified);
- The most frequent design used in time series analysis are the Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), and Negative Binomial (NB);
- The descriptive of RRs associated with each disease.
2.6. Stage 6: Consultation with Experts
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories | N (%) |
---|---|
Study duration | |
Less than 7 years | 111 (80.4) |
7 years and more | 27 (19.6) |
Type of time series analysis | |
GAM and Poisson | 103 (74.6) |
GLM and Poisson | 24 (17.4) |
Negative Binomial | 2 (1.4) |
Others | 9 (6.5) |
ICD codes | |
ICD-10 | 98 (71.0) |
ICD-9 | 11 (8.0) |
Both ICD | 5 (3.6) |
No classification | 24 (17.4) |
Outcomes | Children (Only) (n = 17) | Elderly (Only) (n = 58) | Children & Elderly (n = 14) | All Ages (n = 49) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Health outcomes | ||||
Mortality | 0 | 26 | 0 | 15 |
Hospital admission | 6 | 16 | 6 | 13 |
Clinic or ED visits | 11 | 11 | 6 | 14 |
Combined | 0 | 5 | 2 | 7 |
Disease | ||||
Cardiovascular | 0 | 21 | 1 | 15 |
Respiratory | 17 | 18 | 8 | 19 |
Combined | 0 | 19 | 5 | 15 |
Author (Reference) | Location | Study Period | Health Outcome | Diseases (ICD Classification) | Key Findings | Vulnerable Groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern & South-Eastern Asia | ||||||
Chai et al., 2019 [37] | Lanzhou, China | 10 years (2007–2016) | Hospital visits | RD (ICD-10: J00–J99) |
| Each 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 had a cumulative effect on RD visits
|
Chen et al., 2021 [38] | Nanjing, China | 16 years (2004–2019 | Hospital admission | CVD (ICD-10: I00–I99), IHD (ICD-10: I20–I25), and CBVD (ICD-10: I60–I69). | Cumulative effect estimates for PM2.5 on IHD mortality were elevated and statistically significant within 27 (2.11%; 95% CI: 0.12–.27%) and 22 (2.63%; 95% CI: 0.39–4.91%) days |
|
Xu et al., 2019 [39] | Heifei, China | 11 years (2007–2016) | Mortality | CVD (ICD-10: I00–I99), IHD (ICD-10: I20–I25), and CBVD (ICD-10: I60–I69) |
|
|
Lin et al., 2016 [40] | Hong Kong | 14 years (1998–2011) | Mortality | RD (ICD-10: J00–J99) | A positive but non-significant synergistic interaction between daily mean and variation on RD and pneumonia mortality |
|
Lin et al., 2017 [41] | Hong Kong | 11 years (2001–2011) | Mortality | CVD (ICD-9: 390–459 or ICD-10: I00–I99) RD (ICD-9: 460–519 or ICD-10: J00–J99) | PM2.5 was significantly associated with mortality; the highest increase in daily mean PM2.5 at lag03 corresponded to ER of 2.77% (95% CI: 1.50–4.05%) increase in CVD mortality and 2.07% (95% CI: 0.49–3.67%) increase in RD mortality. |
|
Yap et al., 2019 [42] | Singapore | 13 years (2001–2013) | Mortality | CVD (ICD-9390–459) and (ICD-10 I00–I99) Non-accidental deaths (ICD-9000–799) and (ICD-10: A00–R99) | An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with significant increases in non-accidental mortality ER: 0.660%; 95% CI: 0.204–1.118%) and CVD mortality (ER: 0.883%; 95% CI: 0.121–1.621%). |
|
Kwon et al., 2019 [43] | Seoul, South Korea | 9 years (2007–2015) | Hospital admission | CVD: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and a primary diagnosis of CVD (ICD-10: I00–I99), | A 10-μg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5 showed significantly increased admissions RR = 1.045; (95% CI: 1.002–1.089) at lag 3 |
|
Oh et al., 2020 [44] | South Korea (seven metropolitan cities) | 8 years (2008–2016) | Hospital admission | ALRI | A 10 μg/m3 increase in the 7-day moving average of PM2.5 was associated with a 1.20% (95% CI: 0.71–1.71) increase in ALRI hospitalization |
|
Qiu et al., 2020 [45] | Taipei, Taiwan | 8 years (2010–2017) | Hospital admission | RD (ICD-10: J00–J99), pneumonia (ICD-10: J12–J18), COPD (ICD-10: J40–J44), asthma (ICD-10: J45–J46) | A strong association of PM2.5 with all-RD and asthma admissions; percentage change for RD in association with an IQR increased at different lags (Lag02 and Lag03) |
|
Oceania | ||||||
Guo et al., 2020 [46] | Hazelwood, Australia | 7 years (2009–2015) | EDV and hospital admission | CVD (ICD-10: I00–I99); CBVD (ICD-10: I61–I69), IHD (I ICD-10: 20–I25) RD (ICD-10: J00–J99); COPD (J41–J44), asthma (J45–J46). |
|
|
Salimi et al., 2017 [47] | Sydney, Australia | 11 years (2004–2015) | EAD | RD & CVD: breathing problems, chest pain, cardiac or respiratory arrest, and death, stroke or CBVD |
|
|
Europe & Northern America | ||||||
Strosnider et al., 2019 [48] | United States (17 states) | 15 years (2000–2014) | EDV | RD (ICD-9: 460–519) |
|
|
Krall et al., 2017 [49] | United States (Atlanta, Birmingham, St. Louis, Dallas) | 11 years (1999–2009) | EDV | RD: pneumonia (ICD-9: 480–486), COPD (ICD-9: 491, 492, 496), URI (ICD-9: 460–465, 466.0, 477), and asthma and/or wheeze (ICD-9: 493, 786.07) |
|
|
Ye et al., 2018 [50] | Atlanta, United States | 16 years (1998–2013) | EDV | CVD: IHD (ICD-9: 410–414), cardiac dysrhythmias (ICD-9: 427), CHF (ICD-9: 428), or CBVD (ICD-9: 433–437, 443–445, 451–453). |
|
|
Ebisu et al., 2019 [51] | California, United States | 8 years (2002–2009) | Hospital admission | CVD: (ICD-9: 390–459) RD: (ICD-9: 460–519) | Exposure to an increase in PM2.5 vehicular emissions associated with increased risk for CVD admission and RD hospitalizations in specific groups | Each IQR increase in PM2.5 emissions is associated with:
|
Blomberg et al., 2019 [52] | United States (108 cities) | 14 years (1999–2013) | Mortality | CVD (ICD-10: I01–I59) RD (ICD-10: J00–J99) |
|
|
Hsu et al., 2017 [53] | New York, United States | 16 years (1991–2006) | Hospital admission | CVD: CRHD (ICD-9: 393–396), hypertension (401–405), IHD (410–414), cardiac dysrhythmias (427), heart failure (428), and other CVD (430–434, 436–438) |
|
|
Bi et al., 2020 [54] | Los Angeles, United States | 12 years (2005–2016) | EDV and hospital admission | CVD (ICD-10: I20–I79) RD (ICD-10: J45–J46) |
|
|
Qiu et al., 2020 [55] | New England, United States | 13 years (2000–2012) | Hospital admission | CVD specific on AMI, CHF and IS |
| Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 associated with:
|
Yitshak-Sade et al., 2018 [56] | New England, United States | 11 years (2001–2011) | Hospital admission | CVD (ICD 9: 390–429) or ischemic stroke (ICD 9: 432–435) RD (ICD 9: 460–519) |
|
|
Pearce et al., 2018 [57] | South Carolina, United States | 12 years (2002–2013) | EDV and hospital admission | CVD: URI (ICD-9: 460–466, 477; CHF (ICD-9: 428); IHD (ICD-9: 410–414) RD: Asthma (ICD-9: 493, 786.07) |
|
|
Solimini and Renzi, 2017 [58] | Rome, Italy | 14 years (2001–2014) | EDV | Atrial fibrillation (AF) with ICD-9: 427.31 |
|
|
Kuźma et al., 2020 [59] | Bialystok, Poland | 10 years (2008–2017) | Mortality | CVD (ICD-10: I01–I59) |
|
|
Kollanus et al., 2016 [60] | Helsinki, Finland | 10 years (2001–2010) | Hospital admission and mortality | CVD (ICD-10: I01–I59) RD (ICD-10: J00–J64, J65–J99) |
|
|
Central & Southern Asia | ||||||
Borsi et al., 2020 [61] | Ahvaz, Iran | 11 years (2008–2018) | Hospital admission | CVD: deep venous thrombosis (DVT) |
| Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, increased risk of DVT admissions:
|
Latin America & Caribbean | ||||||
Tapia et al., 2020 [62] | Lima, Peru | 7 years (2010–2016) | Hospital visit | CVD (ICD-10: I20–I25, I63–I67) RD (ICD-10: J0–J45, J00–J06, J09–J22, J30–J45) |
|
|
Multiple Countries | ||||||
Liu et al., 2019 [31] | Multi countries (652 cities, 24 countries) | 30 years (1986–2015) | Mortality | CVD (I00–I99), and RD (J00–J99) |
|
|
Diseases Outcomes | Short-Term (Less than 7 Years) | Long-Term (7 Years & above) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Q1 | Q2 (Median) | Q3 | Min | Max | Mean (SD) | Q1 | Q2 (Median) | Q3 | Min | Max | |
Cardiovascular | 1.0378 (0.066) | 1.0073 | 1.0239 | 1.0485 | 0.8200 | 1.2880 | 1.0503 (0.0603) | 1.0149 | 1.0297 | 1.0582 | 1.0050 | 1.2700 |
Respiratory | 1.0493 (0.0751) | 1.0082 | 1.0169 | 1.0723 | 0.9132 | 1.3800 | 1.0391 (0.0382) | 1.0139 | 1.0355 | 1.0407 | 1.0074 | 1.1580 |
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Wan Mahiyuddin, W.R.; Ismail, R.; Mohammad Sham, N.; Ahmad, N.I.; Nik Hassan, N.M.N. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5): A Review on Time Series Studies. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050856
Wan Mahiyuddin WR, Ismail R, Mohammad Sham N, Ahmad NI, Nik Hassan NMN. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5): A Review on Time Series Studies. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(5):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050856
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan Mahiyuddin, Wan Rozita, Rohaida Ismail, Noraishah Mohammad Sham, Nurul Izzah Ahmad, and Nik Muhammad Nizam Nik Hassan. 2023. "Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5): A Review on Time Series Studies" Atmosphere 14, no. 5: 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050856