Integrated Life Cycle Analysis of Cost and CO2 Emissions from Vehicles and Construction Work Activities in Highway Pavement Service Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. Methodology Framework
2.2. Agency CO2 Emissions and Agency Cost
2.2.1. Agency CO2 Emissions
2.2.2. Agency Cost
2.2.3. User CO2 Emissions and User Cost
2.3. Data Sources
2.3.1. Brief of Case Study
2.3.2. Data Collection
Life-Cycle Activity Profiles
Work Zone Characteristics
Traffic Characteristics
3. Results
3.1. Total CO2 Emissions and Their Distribution
3.2. Total Costs and Their Distribution
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
- The integrated LCA-LCCA model was able to provide consistent outputs, such as CO2 emissions and costs results for each component covered by the four main modules, namely, the materials module, the work activities module, the work zone module and the usage module.
- Maintaining the typical activity profile could help to reduce CO2 emissions. Over the 15-year analysis period, the total CO2 emissions from the actual activity profile were 36.76 tons higher in one lane of one kilometer in length than that from the typical activity profile, and about 97.2% of CO2 emissions savings in the typical activity profile were from user CO2 emissions.
- Maintaining the typical activity profile could help to save agency costs of USD 9920 /lane/km in 2007 dollars after normalized processing of the data into equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) over the 15-year analysis period.
- During the life cycle of highway’s asphalt pavement, the annual user cost increased steadily with the increase in the highway’s service life, whereas yearly significant growth was caused by the occurrence of rehabilitation and maintenance activities, mainly due to the detours of users.
- Regarding the user cost components, VOC and TTC were the major contributors to user cost, followed by VEC. Specially, TTC was the top contributor to the total user cost when traffic volume was increasing.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Sub-Components | Formula | Equation Number |
---|---|---|---|
VOC | (1) | ||
(2) | |||
(3) | |||
(4) | |||
User CO2 emissions | (5) | ||
(6) | |||
(7) | |||
(8) | |||
VEC | (9) | ||
TTC | (10) | ||
(11) | |||
(12) | |||
(13) | |||
Total user cost | Null | ++ | (14) |
Items | Typical Activity Profile (T) | Actual Activity Profile (A) | Difference (T-A) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ton/lane-km | % | ton/lane-km | % | ||
Agency CO2 emissions | 671.91 | 10.8 | 670.88 | 10.9 | 1.03 |
User CO2 emissions | 5525.55 | 89.2 | 5489.82 | 89.1 | 35.73 |
Total | 6197.1 | 100 | 6160.7 | 100 | 36.76 |
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Liu, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Han, S. Integrated Life Cycle Analysis of Cost and CO2 Emissions from Vehicles and Construction Work Activities in Highway Pavement Service Life. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020194
Liu Y, Li H, Wang H, Wang Y, Han S. Integrated Life Cycle Analysis of Cost and CO2 Emissions from Vehicles and Construction Work Activities in Highway Pavement Service Life. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(2):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020194
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yuanyuan, Haijie Li, Huihui Wang, Yuanqing Wang, and Shuang Han. 2023. "Integrated Life Cycle Analysis of Cost and CO2 Emissions from Vehicles and Construction Work Activities in Highway Pavement Service Life" Atmosphere 14, no. 2: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020194
APA StyleLiu, Y., Li, H., Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Han, S. (2023). Integrated Life Cycle Analysis of Cost and CO2 Emissions from Vehicles and Construction Work Activities in Highway Pavement Service Life. Atmosphere, 14(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020194