Monitoring and Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Graduate Dormitories in Northern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The changes of IAQ and subjective evaluation of different grades and genders of graduate students’ dormitories during sleep are studied, and the renovation of the houses is considered.
- Combined with the change of the outdoor environment, the correlation between environmental parameters is analyzed.
- The sleep duration and study time of graduate students are discussed, which is used to analyze their living habits and learning status, so as to reflect their academic pressure.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Features
2.2. Monitoring Experiment
2.3. Questionnaire Survey
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Field Experiment Results and Analysis
3.1.1. Temperature
3.1.2. Humidity
3.1.3. CO2
3.1.4. PM2.5
3.1.5. HCHO
3.1.6. TVOC
3.2. Questionnaire Survey Results and Analysis
3.2.1. Thermal Comfort Evaluation
3.2.2. IAQ and Mental State Evaluation
3.3. Sleep Duration and Study Time
3.4. Discussion
4. Conclusions
- After heating in winter, the average temperature in the small space and high-density multi-occupant dormitory rises by 3 °C, and more than 60% of the occupants think that the thermal comfort was satisfactory. When sleep continues, the humidity will gradually increase. Especially dormitories on the shady side, occupants need to pay more attention to the growth of bacteria because of the more humid environment. During sleep, CO2 in the dormitory rises significantly, up to 5000 ppm, which can cause serious consequences.
- In terms of pollutants, indoor PM2.5 is positively correlated with the outdoor PM2.5 concentration, and indoor PM2.5 is nearly increased by 65% due to heating. For odor, the average value of HCHO is less than 0.08 mg/m3, but the use of cosmetics will increase by several times, which is stronger than that in a newly decorated dormitory. The concentration of TVOC is high when people wake up, which leads to uncomfortable odor. Additionally, HCHO and TVOC are positively correlated with temperature and humidity, and HCHO is also positively affected by CO2.
- IAQ in dormitories during sleep affects students’ mental state. Good IAQ can improve students’ sleep duration and study time.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Grade | Gender | Total Floor No. | Test Floor No. | House Type | Orientation | Residential Area (m2) | Renovation | Furniture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N1 | Second | Male | 6 | 4 | Four-bedroom | Sunny | 21 | × | Old |
N2 | First | Male | 3 | 2 | Three-bedroom | Sunny | 22 | √ | New |
N3 | Second | Female | 6 | 5 | Three-bedroom | Shady | 21 | × | Old |
N4 | First | Female | 6 | 5 | Three-bedroom | Sunny | 23 | × | Old |
Parameter | Manufacturer | Model | Range | Resolution | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Sensirion, Switzerland | SHT30 | 40~125 °C | 0.015 °C | ±0.2 °C |
Humidity | 0~100%RH | 0.01%RH | ±2% | ||
CO2 | SenseAir, Sweden | S8 0053 | 0~10,000 ppm | 1 ppm | ±40 ppm |
PM2.5 | Plantower, China | PMS5003 | ≥1000 μg/m3 | 1 μg/m3 | ±10 μg/m3 |
HCHO | DART, UK | WZ-S-K | 0~2 ppm | 0.001 ppm | ±20 ppm |
TVOC | SGX Sensortech, Switzerland | MICS-VZ-89TE | 0~1000 ppb | 1 ppb | ±25% |
Light | BCE, China | B-LUX-V22 | 0~65,535 lux | 1 lux | ±20% |
Question | Options |
---|---|
| • First • Second |
| • Male • Female |
| • cold • cool • slightly cool • neutral • slightly warm • warm • hot |
| • Excellent (90–100) • Good (70–89) • General (50–69) • Poor (<50) |
| • Sober (90% investment) • Good (invest more than 70% energy) • General (invest more than 50% energy) • Sleepy (less than 50% energy) |
| • Always • Occasionally • Very few • None |
| • Often • Half the time • Occasionally • Hardly |
| Please input time |
| Please input time |
| • Yes • No |
Parameter | Standard Value |
---|---|
Temperature | 16~24 °C |
Humidity | 30~60% |
CO2 | <1000 ppm |
PM2.5 | 75 μg/m3 |
HCHO | 0.08 mg/m3 |
TVOC | 0.60 mg/m3 |
IAQ Parameters | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dormitories | T | H | CO2 | PM2.5 | HCHO | TVOC | % Yes | |
Before heating | N1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 100% |
N2 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 83% | |
N3 | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50% | |
N4 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | 50% | |
% Yes | 75% | 75% | 25% | 100% | 75% | 75% | ||
After heating | N1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 100% |
N2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 100% | |
N3 | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 67% | |
N4 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | 67% | |
% Yes | 100% | 75% | 50% | 100% | 75% | 100% |
Subjective Evaluation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal Comfort (% Satisfactory) | Mental State (% Sober) | Sleep Duration (h) | Study Time (h) | |
Before heating | 17% | 0 | 8.5 | 11.4 |
After heating | 61% | 7.7% | 8.6 | 12.5 |
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Liu, Z.; Li, Y.; Zhao, L. Monitoring and Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Graduate Dormitories in Northern China. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121941
Liu Z, Li Y, Zhao L. Monitoring and Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Graduate Dormitories in Northern China. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(12):1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121941
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zhibin, Yuxin Li, and Liang Zhao. 2022. "Monitoring and Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Graduate Dormitories in Northern China" Atmosphere 13, no. 12: 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121941
APA StyleLiu, Z., Li, Y., & Zhao, L. (2022). Monitoring and Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Graduate Dormitories in Northern China. Atmosphere, 13(12), 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121941