A Global Empirical Model of the Ion Temperature in the Ionosphere for the International Reference Ionosphere
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. Quality Data Assessment and Data Intercalibration
- –
- Four seasons (centered at March 21, June 21, September 23, and December 21 and extending ±30 days);
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- Six altitudes (centered at 350 km, 400 km, 450 km, 500 km, 550 km, 600 km and extending ±10% above and below of the given altitude);
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- Twenty-four magnetic local times (MLT) (centred at 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, …, 23.5 h and within ±0.5 h);
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- Twelve levels of solar activity (PF10.7 centred at 72.5, 87.5, ..., 237.5 and within ±7.5 s.f.u.).
3. Model
3.1. The Base Model
3.2. The Whole Model
4. Altitude Profiles
5. Model Results and Examples
6. Comparisons with Data
6.1. Comparisons with Jicamarca, Arecibo and Millstone Hill ISR Data
6.2. Comparisons with Kharkiv ISR Ti Data
7. Discussion and Conclusions
- –
- Correction factors were determined for a large number satellite Ti measurements based on comparisons with ISR data.
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- A global ion temperature model was developed based on a database of these corrected satellite Ti measurements.
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- The model represents the climatology of the ion temperature at altitudes from 350 to 850 km using global sub-models at four fixed altitudes.
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- Below an altitude of 350 km, the model uses a connection to Tn and above 850 km a connection to Te.
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- The dependence on solar activity (PF10.7 as a proxy index) is expressed as an additive term that includes both linear and quadratic dependencies.
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- Comparison with ISR data (Jicamarca, Arecibo, Millstone Hill, and Kharkiv) shows that the model describes the diurnal variation quite well for both low and high solar activity at different altitudes and latitudes.
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- Different from the current IRI model the new model captures the morning peak and its dependence on solar activity and altitude, with the peak being most pronounced during periods of low solar activity and at ~600 km altitude.
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- A comparison of the IRI and our new model with the data used in the model developments highlights fundamental flaws of the current IRI Ti model, while the new model is fully consistent with this large data base and is therefore an appropriate alternative to the current model.
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- Future developments could include an extension to include third order dependencies such as magnetic activity or longitude and the use of data from more recent missions (COSMIC-2), and possibly fully integrate ISR data into the model including data from ISRs not yet included like EISCAT, Pokker Flat, etc.
- –
- The model is available as a subroutine in FORTRAN 77.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Satellite (Experiment) | Time Period (Data Avail) | Altitude [km] | Latitude [deg] | SLT [h] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | OGO-6 (RPA) | 12. 1969–4. 1971 | 390–1090 | −82 .. +82 | 0–24 | 155 |
2 | AEROS A (RPA) | 1. 1973–8. 1973 | 200–870 | −83 .. +83 | 3, 15 fixed | 98 |
3 | AEROS B (RPA) | 7. 1974–9. 1975 | 140–880 | −83 .. +83 | 4, 16 fixed | 86 |
4 | AE-C (RPA) | 12. 1973–12. 1978 | 135–2010 | −68 .. +68 | 0–24 | 86 |
5 | AE-D (RPA) | 10. 1975–1. 1976 | 140–1980 | −89 .. +89 | 0–24 | 76 |
6 | AE-E (RPA) | 12. 1975–5. 1981 | 140–1580 | −20 .. +20 | 0–24 | 129 |
7 | DE-2 (RPA) | 8. 1981–2. 1983 | 200–1020 | −90 .. +90 | 0–24 | 180 |
8 | San Marco 5 (RPA) | 4. 1988–12. 1988 | 170–590 | −3 .. +3 | 0–24 | 151 |
9 | IK24 (RPA) | 10. 1989–2. 1993 | 500–2525 | −83 .. +84 | 0–24 | 195 |
10 | DMSP F11 (RPA) | 1. 1992–5. 2000 | 840–890 | −81 .. +87 | 6, 18 fixed | 119 |
11 | DMSP F12 (RPA) | 1. 1996–6. 2002 | 840–890 | −82 .. +89 | 9, 21 fixed | 132 |
12 | DMSP F13 (RPA) | 3. 1995–12. 2005 | 840–880 | −81 .. +82 | 6, 18 fixed | 131 |
13 | DMSP F14 (RPA) | 4. 1997–7. 2003 | 840–885 | −81 .. +82 | 9, 21 fixed | 121 |
14 | DMSP F15 (RPA) | 12. 1999–12. 2017 | 830–880 | −86 .. +86 | 9.5, 21.5 fixed | 116 |
15 | SROSS C2 (RPA) | 1. 1995–12. 2000 | 380–620 | −40 .. +45 | 0–24 | 110 |
16 | ROCSAT-1(RPA) | 3. 1999–6. 2004 | 560–665 | −35 .. +35 | 0–24 | 160 |
17 | C/NOFS (RPA) | 8. 2008–11. 2015 | 260–855 | −13 .. +13 | 0–24 | 106 |
18 | ICON IVM (RPA) | 10. 2019–6. 2020 | 575–610 | −27 .. 27 | 0–24 | 70 |
ISR | Time Period (Data Availability) | Number of Ti Samples | Latitude (deg) | Longitude (deg) | Invdip (deg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jicamarca | 10. 1996–2. 2020 | 24,266 | −11.95 | −76.87 | 0.0 ± 0.6 |
Arecibo | 4. 1982–3. 2015 | 68,088 | 18.35 | −66.75 | 28.2 ± 2.2 |
Millstone Hill | 2. 1976–1. 2020 | 526,216 | 42.62 | 71.48 | 52.8 ± 2.1 |
No | Satellite (Experiment) | Correction Formula |
---|---|---|
1 | OGO-6 (RPA) | |
2 | AEROS A (RPA) | |
3 | AEROS B (RPA) | |
4 | AE-C (RPA) | |
5 | AE-D (RPA) | No coincidences-excluded |
6 | AE-E (RPA) | |
7 | DE-2 (RPA) | |
8 | San Marco 5 (RPA) | |
9 | IK24 (RPA) | Not enough coincidences-excluded |
10 | DMSP F11 (RPA) | |
11 | DMSP F12 (RPA) | |
12 | DMSP F13 (RPA) | |
13 | DMSP F14 (RPA) | |
14 | DMSP F15 (RPA) | |
15 | SROSS C2 (RPA) | |
16 | ROCSAT-1(RPA) | |
17 | C/NOFS (RPA) | |
18 | ICON IVM (RPA) |
Month | Day Range | Year | |
---|---|---|---|
October | 28–30 | 2004 | 119 |
September | 20–22 | 2006 | 75 |
September | 24–27 | 2007 | 67 |
September | 23–24 | 2008 | 68 |
September–October | 29–01 | 2009 | 71 |
September | 20–22 | 2010 | 82 |
September | 25–27 | 2012 | 128 |
March | 19–21 | 2013 | 111 |
September | 24–26 | 2013 | 115 |
March | 28–29 | 2018 | 69 |
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Truhlík, V.; Bilitza, D.; Kotov, D.; Shulha, M.; Třísková, L. A Global Empirical Model of the Ion Temperature in the Ionosphere for the International Reference Ionosphere. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081081
Truhlík V, Bilitza D, Kotov D, Shulha M, Třísková L. A Global Empirical Model of the Ion Temperature in the Ionosphere for the International Reference Ionosphere. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(8):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081081
Chicago/Turabian StyleTruhlík, Vladimír, Dieter Bilitza, Dmytro Kotov, Maryna Shulha, and Ludmila Třísková. 2021. "A Global Empirical Model of the Ion Temperature in the Ionosphere for the International Reference Ionosphere" Atmosphere 12, no. 8: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081081