Classification of the Circulation Patterns Related to Strong Dust Weather in China Using a Combination of the Lamb–Jenkinson and k-Means Clustering Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Meteorological Data
2.2. Reanalysis Data
2.3. Objective Circulation Classification
2.3.1. Lamb–Jenkinson Scheme
2.3.2. k-Means
3. Results
3.1. Results of Lamb–Jenkinson Scheme
3.1.1. Surface Circulation Types in the Three Main Areas Influenced by Dust
3.1.2. Annual Variation of the Dominant Circulation Pattern in the Area Influenced by Dust
3.2. Results of k-Means Method
3.2.1. Dominant Circulation Patterns and Their Characteristics
3.2.2. Variation of the Dominant Circulation Pattern over Time
3.3. Results of Dominant SDS Circulation Patterns in 2021
4. Conclusions
- The Lamb–Jenkinson scheme was used to classify the circulation patterns in the southern Xinjiang basin, western Inner Mongolia and southern Mongolia, and the center of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the main circulation patterns in the southern Xinjiang basin were the W, A, C, SW, and CW types, whereas the circulation patterns favoring SDSs were the SW, A, and C types. The main circulation patterns in western Inner Mongolia and southern Mongolia were the N, NW, E, A, and C types. The circulation patterns in these regions that favored SDSs were the NW, N, A, and C types. The main circulation patterns in Inner Mongolia were the SW, W, NW, A, and C types, and the circulation patterns that favored SDSs were the SW, N, SW, and A types.
- The k-means clustering method was used to calculate the spring SLP, 10 m wind, and height, wind and, temperature fields at 500 hPa from 2000 to 2020 to determine nine types of circulation patterns. The T1, T2, T3, T5, and T8 patterns were the dominant circulation types with occurrence probabilities of 17.50, 16.27, 26.04, 20.41, and 31.37%. Analysis of the five circulation types showed that the influencing system of the T1 circulation pattern was an area of cold high pressure and a cold front at ground level; the main propagation path of SDSs was westerly and northwesterly. The main influencing system for the T2 circulation pattern was the Mongolian cyclone, and the main propagation path of this type of SDS was northwesterly. The main influencing system of the T3 circulation type was the Mongolian cyclone and cold front, and the main propagation path was westerly and northwesterly. The main influencing system for the T5 circulation pattern was the ground-level thermal low-pressure region and cold front, and the main propagation path was westerly and northwesterly. The main influencing system for the T8 circulation pattern was the cold front, and the main propagation path of this type of dusty weather was northwesterly.
- Based on the analysis of the variation of the number of days of SDS in spring in China, with time for the five dominant circulation patterns, we found that the occurrence of SDSs influenced by the dominant circulation pattern was more frequent from 2000 to 2010. From 2000 to 2005, the occurrence frequency of SDSs was the highest for the T8 circulation pattern—that is, China was mainly affected by the cold front circulation type, which mainly spread along a northwesterly path. This kind of dust weather usually has a high intensity, wide area of impact, rapid propagation speed, and leads to disastrous weather events. From 2006 to 2010, the T3 and T8 circulation types dominated and were mainly influenced by the Mongolian cyclone and cold front. SDSs mainly spread along a west-northwesterly path, so dust weather was more frequent in this period. From 2011 to 2015, the T1 circulation pattern was dominant and was mainly affected by a cold high-pressure region. The main propagation path was west-northwest, and the occurrence frequency of SDSs decreased overall. From 2016 to 2020, the T3 circulation type dominated and was mainly influenced by the Mongolian cyclone and cold front. Dust mainly spread along a westward path, and the number of SDSs increased compared with the period from 2011 to 2015.
- The main circulation patterns of four SDS processes in 2021 were analyzed using a combination of the Lamb–Jenkinson and k-means methods. The SDS events in 2021 were closest to the T3 circulation pattern and were mainly influenced by both the Mongolian cyclone and the surface cold front. The main propagation path was westerly and northwesterly. The SDSs originated in Mongolia and were guided by westerly and northwesterly air flows. The main body of dust moved to the east, affecting northwest and north China, and the west and south of northeast China.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Floating Dust | Blowing Dust | SDS | Severe SDS | Extreme Severe SDS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed (m/s) | ≤3.0 | >3.0 | >3.0 | >3.0 | >3.0 |
Visibility (km) | <10 | 1–10 | 0.5–1 | 0.020–0.5 | <0.050 |
(Directional Flow) | (Rotational Flow) | (Mixed Type) | (Undefined) |
---|---|---|---|
N(north), NE (northeast), E(east), SE (southeast), S(south), SW (southwest), W(west), NW (northwest) | A(anticyclonic), C(cyclonic) | AN (anticyclonic north), ANE (anticyclonic northeast), AE (anticyclonic east), ASE (anticyclonic southeast), AS (anticyclonic south), ASW (anticyclonic southwest), AW (anticyclonic west), ANW (anticyclonic northwest), CN (cyclonic north), CNE (cyclonic northeast), CE (cyclonic east), CSE (cyclonic southeast), CS (cyclonic south), CSW (cyclonic southwest), CW (cyclonic west), CNW (cyclonic northwest) | UD (undefined) |
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Yi, Z.; Wang, Y.; Chen, W.; Guo, B.; Zhang, B.; Che, H.; Zhang, X. Classification of the Circulation Patterns Related to Strong Dust Weather in China Using a Combination of the Lamb–Jenkinson and k-Means Clustering Methods. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121545
Yi Z, Wang Y, Chen W, Guo B, Zhang B, Che H, Zhang X. Classification of the Circulation Patterns Related to Strong Dust Weather in China Using a Combination of the Lamb–Jenkinson and k-Means Clustering Methods. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12):1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121545
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Ziwei, Yaqiang Wang, Wencong Chen, Bin Guo, Bihui Zhang, Huizheng Che, and Xiaoye Zhang. 2021. "Classification of the Circulation Patterns Related to Strong Dust Weather in China Using a Combination of the Lamb–Jenkinson and k-Means Clustering Methods" Atmosphere 12, no. 12: 1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121545