Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Region of Study
2.2. Sources for Events in the Presented Database
2.3. Determination of Event Type and Characteristics
2.4. Data and Methods for Synoptic- and Meso-Scale Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Information on the Storm Events Database in PR
3.2. Climatology of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in Perm Region
3.2.1. Distribution of Storm Events Depending on Their Data Sources
3.2.2. Spatial Distribution
3.2.3. Temporal Distribution
3.2.4. Intensity Characteristics and Movement Direction
3.2.5. Damage Characteristics
3.3. Synoptic-Scale Environments and Convective Parameters Associated with Storm Events
3.3.1. Synoptic-Scale Characteristics
3.3.2. Convective and Kinematic Parameters
4. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Main Data Source | Storm Event Type | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Squall | Tornado | Combined (Squall and Tornado) | ||||
Event Certainty Degree | ||||||
High | Medium | High | Medium | High | Medium | |
Weather station report | Weather station reported convective wind gust ≥25 m·s−1; damage report is also available or forest damage induced by squall is found on satellite images; and/or the report is mentioned in the databases of severe weather events in Russia, and/or the event was accompanied by heavy rainfall, hailstorm. 28 reports | Weather station =-reported convective wind gust ≥25 m·s−1; but no damage information (including forest damage) is available, the report is not mentioned in the databases of severe weather events in Russia and not accompanied by heavy rainfall, hailstorm. 10 reports | Cases of tornado from official report of the state weather service, observed at the weather stations. No reports | Observations of “tornado” or ‘‘land spouts’’ at the weather stations, under tornado-plausible conditions. No reports | The same as for tornado with high certainty degree, but squall-induced damage to property and infrastructure, or windthrow associated with both squall and tornado is found. No reports | The same as for tornado with medium certainty degree, but squall-induced damage to property and infrastructure, or windthrow associated with both squall and tornado is found. No reports |
Damage report | Damage to property and infrastructure indicates a wind gust of ≥25 m·s−1 (e.g., roofs of buildings are destroyed, power transmission towers are broken), or people died or injured. The event is confirmed by damage inspection or squall-induced forest damage is found on satellite images, or nearest weather station reported wind gust ≥ 20 m·s−1 31 reports | Damage to property and infrastructure indicates a wind gust of ≥25 m·s−1, but no damage inspection is carried out, or detailed damage description is not available, forest damage is not found on satellite images, nearest weather station does not report the event 15 reports | Tornado caused damage to property and infrastructure, confirmed by the official report of the state weather service, scientific literature or existing climatology. In addition, news with detailed information on tornado-related impact accompanied with witness reports are available or tornado-induced forest damage is found on satellite images 3 reports | Tornado caused damage to property and infrastructure, confirmed by the official report of the state weather service, scientific literature or existing climatology, tornado-related impact was reported, but witness report is not available; tornado- induced forest damage is not found on satellite images 3 reports | The same as for tornado with high certainty degree, but squall-induced damage to property and infrastructure, or windthrow associated with both squall and tornado is found. 2 reports | The same as for tornado with medium certainty degree, but squall-induced damage to property and infra-structure or windthrow associated with both squall and tornado is found. No reports |
Forest damage (area ≥5 ha for tornado, ≥25 ha for squall) | Squall-induced windthrow is found on satellite images; storm event is also confirmed by weather station, damage or eye-witness report, or windthrow is verified with HRIs 14 reports | Squall-induced windthrow is found on satellite images; other data sources are not available, and HRIs are also unavailable 2 reports | Tornado-induced windthrow is found on satellite images and verified with HRIs 24 reports | Tornado-induced windthrow is found on satellite images, but not verified with HRIs 25 reports | Forest damage induced by both squall and tornado, verified with HRIs 3 reports | Forest damage induced by both squall and tornado, not verified with HRIs 1 report |
Eye-witness report | Eyewitness reports, photos and videos of squall events are used only as additional data sources, and not as the main sources. | Eyewitness reports, photos and videos of squall events are used only as additional data sources, and not as the main sources. | The presence of photos/videos of a vortex itself; photos/videos of tornado-related impact accompanied with witness detailed verbal reports, or the report is confirmed by the existing climatology 1 report | Verbal reports by witnesses without impact description and photo/video evidences; photo/video materials for tornado-related impact without witness reports, or the report is confirmed by the existing climatology 3 reports | The same as for tornado with high certainty degree, but squall-induced damage to property and infrastructure, or windthrow associated with both squall and tornado is found. No reports | The same as for tornado with medium certainty degree, but squall-induced damage to property and infra-structure or windthrow associated with both squall and tornado is found. No reports |
Field Name | Field Alias | Description |
---|---|---|
ID | Storm event ID | Storm event ID |
Main_Src | Main data source | Main data source on storm event (weather station report, damage report, satellite data on windthrow or several sources) |
Add_Src | Additional data source | Additional data sources on storm event) |
Certainty | Event certainty degree | Event certainty degree (high or medium) |
WMOID | WMOID | WMO ID of the nearest weather station |
WS_dist | Distance to weather station | Distance to the nearest weather station (km) |
Event_type | Storm event type | Storm event type (squall, tornado, or both of them) |
Date | Storm event date | Storm event date |
Date_range | Range of dates | Range of dates (for events with unknown date) |
Year | Year | The year of the event |
Month | Month | The month of the event |
Time | Time | Time of event (UTC) |
Time_acc | Time precision | precision of time determination |
Direction | Direction | Movement direction (by direction segments) |
Intensity1 | Measured wind speed | Measured intensity (only for events reported at weather stations), m·s−1 |
Intensity2 | Estimated intensity | Estimated intensity according to damage survey data (m·s−1), or the F-scale intensity for tornadoes |
Weather | Accompanied weather events | Accompanied weather events such as thunderstorms, heavy rainfall (≥15 mm), hailstorms, according to weather stations or eyewitness observations |
Damage | Damage description | Description of related damage (except windthrow), according to damage survey, media reports or eye-witness data |
Injured | Injured | Number of injured peoples |
Dead | Dead | Number of dead peoples |
Storm_type | Storm type | Storm type (mesoscale convective complex, QLCS, supercell or low-organised storm) |
Storm_Src | Source for storm type | Data source for storm type determination |
Windthrow | ID of windthrow | ID of windthrow related to the storm event. |
Start_lat | Windthrow start (lat) | Latitude of the windthrow start point |
Start_long | Windthrow start (long) | Longitude of the windthrow start point |
End_lat | Windthrow end (lat) | Latitude of the windthrow end point |
End_long | Windthrow end (long) | Longitude of the windthrow end point |
Length | Windthrow length | Length of the windthrow (km) |
Max_width | Windthrow max width | Maximum width of the windthrow, including gaps (m) |
Area_full | Windthrow area | Total area of the windthrow (km2) |
Area_Perm | Windthrow area (Perm) | Area of the windthrow within PR only (km2) |
Date and Time (UTC) | Number of Squall and Tornado Events and Their Intensity | Damage Reports | Injured and Dead | Windthrow Area, km2 (in Perm Region Only) |
---|---|---|---|---|
25 August 1984 (09.00–15.00) | Three tornadoes, two of them significant (≥F2), path length up to 54 km; squall 27 m·s−1 (weather station 28016) | No damage reports | No data | 11.92 |
31 May 1988 (12.00) | Squall 33 m·s−1 (weather station 28321) | Roofs of 140 houses were destroyed in Okhansk town | No data | 0.52 |
18 June 1990 (15.00) | Squall 30 m·s−1 (weather station 28313); damage survey reported wind speed up to 32 m·s−1 | Many buildings were damaged in two municipalities, power supply was interrupted | No data | 24.04 |
4 July 1992 (12.00–15.00) | Squall 28 m·s−1 (weather station 23909) | No damage reports | 0/0 | 10.14 |
29 June 1993 (18.00–21.00) | Three tornadoes, two of them significant (≥F2); damage survey reported wind speed up to 33 m·s−1 | Roofs of 70 houses were destroyed, agricultural machines were damaged | 4/0 | 4.61 |
30 June 1993 (15.00) | Squall 24 m·s−1 (weather station 23913) | No damage reports | 0/0 | 22.58 |
22 May 2001 (10.00–13.00) | Squall 27–31 m·s−1 (weather stations 28216, 28313, 28222, 28226, 28228) | Power and water supply was disrupted; the roofs of many buildings were damaged, the damage in the city of Perm was estimated as ≈ 2 M. | 14/2 | 0 |
7 June 2009 (09.30–13.00) | Fourteen tornadoes, six of them significant (≥F2), squalls up to 25 m·s−1 | Roofs of 61 houses in three settlements were damaged by tornadoes | 2/0 | 19.40 |
18 July 2012 (08.00–14.00) | Squalls affected most of PR (observed wind gust up to 28 m·s−1); three tornadoes (F1 intensity) were reported | Hundreds of houses were heavily damaged; power and water supply of 200 k people was disrupted | 11/1 | 196.76 |
17 August 2014 (12.00–14.00) | Squall (estimated wind speed 28 m·s−1) | 80 houses and 10 social facilities were heavily damaged; 4 reinforced concrete power transmission towers were broken | 0/1 | 7.97 |
13 September 2018 (13.00–15.00) | Seven tornadoes, including one significant tornado (≥F2); squalls also were observed | 14 buildings were damaged in Krasnovishersk town | 0/0 | 2.55 |
Synoptic-Scale Situation/Frontal Systems | Rapidly Moving Cold Front | Waving Quasi-Stationary or Slowly Moving Front | Secondary Cold Front | Occlusion Point | Warm Sector | Flanc of High-Pressure System | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 13/43 | 4/26 | 6/5 | 5/3 | 0/5 | 0/4 | |
Origin of low-pressure system | Western | Southwestern | Southern | North-western | Locally formed | No low-pressure system | |
Number of cases | 13/14 | 3/11 | 7/23 | 0/14 | 5/19 | 0/5 | |
Development stage of low-pressure system | Wave | Deepened | Maximum development | Dissipated | No low-pressure system | ||
Number of cases | 3/8 | 11/46 | 19/30 | 8/11 | 0/5 |
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Shikhov, A.; Chernokulsky, A.; Kalinin, N.; Bykov, A.; Pischalnikova, E. Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111407
Shikhov A, Chernokulsky A, Kalinin N, Bykov A, Pischalnikova E. Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(11):1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111407
Chicago/Turabian StyleShikhov, Andrey, Alexander Chernokulsky, Nikolay Kalinin, Alexey Bykov, and Evgeniya Pischalnikova. 2021. "Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020" Atmosphere 12, no. 11: 1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111407