Rediscovery of Red Wolf Ghost Alleles in a Canid Population Along the American Gulf Coast
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. DNA Sequencing and Bioinformatic Processing
2.2. Population Structure Analyses
2.3. Private Allele Sharing Analyses
2.4. Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Galveston Island Canids Carry Red Wolf Genetic Signatures
3.2. Galveston Canids Carry Red Wolf Private Alleles
3.3. Galveston Canids Carry Coyote mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Sampling Location * | n | HO | HE | AR * | NPA | PAR ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coyote | Southeastern USA | 29 | 0.085 | 0.101 | 1.52 | 2,686 | 0.28 |
Gray wolf | Yellowstone National Park | 10 | 0.072 | 0.076 | 1.27 | 368 | 0.10 |
Eastern wolf | Algonquin Provincial Park | 10 | 0.079 | 0.087 | 1.36 | 332 | 0.11 |
Red wolf (captive) | Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium | 11 | 0.051 | 0.061 | 1.17 | 191 | 0.04 |
Reference Group | GI-1 | GI-2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPA | SPA (Count) | SPA (%) | SPAr | NPA | SPA (count) | SPA (%) | SPAr | |
Coyote | 2632 | 184 | 6.99% | 0.0102 | 2439 | 138 | 5.66% | 0.0093 |
Gray wolf | 362 | 12 | 3.31% | 0.0035 | 335 | 10 | 2.99% | 0.0036 |
Eastern wolf | 329 | 12 | 3.65% | 0.0045 | 303 | 8 | 2.64% | 0.0039 |
Red wolf | 188 | 21 | 11.17% | 0.0059 | 171 | 14 | 8.19% | 0.0063 |
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Heppenheimer, E.; Brzeski, K.E.; Wooten, R.; Waddell, W.; Rutledge, L.Y.; Chamberlain, M.J.; Stahler, D.R.; Hinton, J.W.; VonHoldt, B.M. Rediscovery of Red Wolf Ghost Alleles in a Canid Population Along the American Gulf Coast. Genes 2018, 9, 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120618
Heppenheimer E, Brzeski KE, Wooten R, Waddell W, Rutledge LY, Chamberlain MJ, Stahler DR, Hinton JW, VonHoldt BM. Rediscovery of Red Wolf Ghost Alleles in a Canid Population Along the American Gulf Coast. Genes. 2018; 9(12):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120618
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeppenheimer, Elizabeth, Kristin E. Brzeski, Ron Wooten, William Waddell, Linda Y. Rutledge, Michael J. Chamberlain, Daniel R. Stahler, Joseph W. Hinton, and Bridgett M. VonHoldt. 2018. "Rediscovery of Red Wolf Ghost Alleles in a Canid Population Along the American Gulf Coast" Genes 9, no. 12: 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120618